Ibyerekezo bitanu by'ingenzi n'ibiranga ibijyanye n'amasoko yambukiranya imipaka

Ibyerekezo bitanu by'ingenzi n'ibiranga ibijyanye n'amasoko yambukiranya imipaka

Gutanga amasoko ku mipaka, nanone byitwa gutanga amasoko mpuzamahanga, bivuga amasosiyete (imiryango) akoresha umutungo mpuzamahanga kugira ngo ashake abayatanga hirya no hino ku isi kandi ashake ibicuruzwa (ibicuruzwa na serivisi) bifite ireme ryiza kandi bihendutse. Iterambere ry’ubukungu rituma amasosiyete ashobora kubaho no gutera imbere mu isi nshya ihinduka vuba kandi mu buryo bushya bw’ubukungu. Imyitwarire yo gutanga amasoko yabaye ingamba ikomeye ku masosiyete. Mu buryo bumwe, gucunga amasoko no gutanga ibicuruzwa bishobora gutuma ikigo kiba "inkomoko" y’inyungu, cyangwa bishobora no gutuma ikigo kiba "imvange" y’inyungu.

Umuhanga mu by'ubukungu w'umunyamerika Christopher yigeze kuvuga ibi: "Hari imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa gusa ku isoko ariko nta miyoboro y'ibicuruzwa. Irushanwa nyaryo si irushanwa hagati y'ibigo, ahubwo ni irushanwa hagati y'imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa."

Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubukungu ku isi no kwiyongera kw’amatsinda mpuzamahanga, ubufatanye hagati y’ibigo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru n’ibyo mu rwego rwo hasi bushyirwaho hakurikijwe ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi by’ikigo cy’ingenzi (cyaba ikigo cy’inganda cyangwa ikigo cy’ubucuruzi). Ibigo byo mu rwego rwo hejuru n’ibyo mu rwego rwo hasi bigizwe n’abatanga ibicuruzwa, abakora ibikoresho n’abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa, abatanga ibicuruzwa, abakora ibikoresho n’abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bashobora kuba abo mu gihugu cyangwa abo mu mahanga, kandi ubucuruzi, ubwikorezi, amakuru n’umuvuduko w’imari hagati y’ibyo bigo bikora mu buryo buhuriweho.

Iyi gahunda y’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa n’uburyo bwo gukora bituma gutanga amasoko biba igice cy’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa mu buhanga bwa sisitemu. Abaguzi n’abatanga ibicuruzwa ntibakiri umubano woroshye wo kugura no kugurisha, ahubwo ni ubufatanye bw’ingamba.

Injira mu buryo mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga amasoko kandi ube igice cy’uruhererekane rw’amasoko ku isi. Byaba ari ugushyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko bw’ikigo mu karere cyangwa ku isi, kwinjira mu ruhererekane rw’amasoko y’itsinda ry’ibigo mpuzamahanga no kuba umucuruzi uhamye, kuba umucuruzi w’ikigo cy’amasoko cyashyizweho n’ikigo mpuzamahanga mu Bushinwa, cyangwa kuba umucuruzi w’amasoko w’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, kuba umucuruzi w’ibigo mpuzamahanga bitanga amasoko n’abahuza mpuzamahanga batanga amasoko. Ibi ni byo ba nyir’imizigo batandukanye bashyira imbere. Kugira ngo winjire mu buryo mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga amasoko, ugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa imiterere n’imigendekere y’amasoko mpuzamahanga mbere yuko winjira ku isoko mpuzamahanga ry’amasoko hakurikijwe uko ibintu bimeze.

Icyerekezo cya 1. Kuva ku kugura ibintu by'ububiko kugeza ku kugura ibyo watumije.

Mu gihe cy’ibura ry’ibicuruzwa, kugira ngo umusaruro uboneke neza, kugura ibikoresho byo mu bubiko ni ngombwa. Ariko, muri iki gihe cy’ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa, kugura ibikoresho byo mu bubiko byabaye itegeko rikomeye. Mu gihe cy’ubukungu bw’isoko, ibicuruzwa byinshi ni intandaro y’ibibi byose ku bigo, kandi nta bubiko cyangwa ububiko buke byabaye amahitamo adashobora kwirindwa ku bigo. Amabwiriza yo mu nganda atangwa bitewe n’amabwiriza asaba abakoresha. Itegeko ryo mu nganda rituma ibicuruzwa bigurwa, ari na ryo rituma umucuruzi abikora. Ubu buryo bwo gutumiza ibicuruzwa ku gihe bushobora gusubiza ibyo umukoresha akeneye ku gihe, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cy’ububiko kandi bikongera umuvuduko w’ibikoresho n’ihindagurika ry’ibikoresho.

Sisitemu yo gukora ibikoresho mu gihe cyagenwe JIT (JUST-INTIME) ni sisitemu nshya yo gucunga umusaruro yatangijwe n'amasosiyete yo mu Buyapani mu myaka 40 ishize. Isosiyete ya mbere ikoresha ubu buryo ni sosiyete izwi cyane ku isi ya Toyota Motor Company. Sisitemu ya JIT yerekeza ku igenamigambi ryumvikana ry'ikigo kandi ryoroshya cyane uburyo bwo kugura, gukora no kugurisha mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu gukora no gukoresha mudasobwa, kugira ngo ibikoresho fatizo byinjira mu ruganda n'ibicuruzwa birangiye biva mu ruganda bikinjira ku isoko bihuzwe cyane, kandi ububiko bushobore kugabanuka uko bishoboka kose, kugira ngo hagerwe ku buryo bwo gukora ibikoresho bugezweho bugabanya ikiguzi cy'ibicuruzwa, bunoze cyane ireme ry'ibicuruzwa, bunoze umusaruro w'abakozi n'inyungu rusange mu bukungu.

Gutanga amasoko ya JIT ni igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu ya JIT kandi ni ingenzi mu mikorere myiza ya sisitemu ya JIT - aho imikorere ya sisitemu ya JIT ihera; gushyira mu bikorwa amasoko ya JIT ni itegeko ritazibagirana kandi ni ngombwa kugira ngo JIT ishyirwe mu bikorwa. Dukurikije ihame ry'amasoko ya JIT, ikigo gifite gusa uburenganzira bwo kugura ibikoresho bikenewe aho bikenewe gusa iyo bikenewe bituma JIT iba icyitegererezo cy'amasoko gihendutse kandi gitanga umusaruro.

Ibintu birindwi biranga JIT mu gutanga amasoko ni: guhitamo abatanga ibicuruzwa mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro no gushyiraho ubufatanye mu by’ingenzi na bo, bisaba abatanga ibicuruzwa kwinjira mu bikorwa by’uruganda; gutanga ibicuruzwa mu byiciro bito; kugera kuri ububiko buri munsi cyangwa munsi yabwo; amabwiriza yo gutanga no gupakira ku gihe; gusangira amakuru; gushyira imbaraga mu burezi n’amahugurwa; kugenzura ubuziranenge no kwemeza ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga.

Ibyiza byo gushyira mu bikorwa amasoko ya JIT ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Bishobora kugabanya cyane ububiko bw'ibikoresho fatizo n'ibindi bikoresho. Isosiyete izwi cyane yo muri Amerika ya Hewlett-Packard yagabanyije ububiko bwayo ku kigero cya 40% nyuma y'umwaka umwe ishyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko bwa JIT. Dukurikije imibare yakozwe n'ibigo by'inzobere by'abanyamahanga, kugabanuka kwa 40% ni urwego rusanzwe gusa, kandi ku bigo bimwe na bimwe bigeze no kuri 85%; kugabanuka kw'ububiko bw'ibigo bikora ibintu bifite akamaro kanini mu kugabanya ubwikorezi bw'imari n'ibikoresho no kwihutisha ubwikorezi bw'imari n'ibikoresho. Binafasha kuzigama umwanya winjizwamo ibikoresho nk'ibikoresho fatizo, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cy'ububiko.

2. Kuzamura ubwiza bw'ibintu byaguzwe. Biteganyijwe ko gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugura JIT bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ubwiza ku kigero cya 26%-63%.

3. Gabanya igiciro cyo kugura ibikoresho fatizo n'ibindi bikoresho. Urugero, ikigo cy'Abanyamerika cya Xerox, gikora imashini zifotora, cyagabanyije igiciro cy'ibikoresho byaguzwe n'ikigo ku kigero cya 40%-50% binyuze mu gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kugura JIT.

4. Gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo gutanga amasoko ya JIT ntibizigama gusa umutungo ukenewe mu itangwa ry'amasoko (harimo abakozi, imari shingiro, ibikoresho, nibindi), ahubwo binatuma umusaruro w'umurimo w'ikigo urushaho kwiyongera kandi bikongera ubushobozi bwo guhuza n'imimerere. Urugero, nyuma y'uko HP ishyize mu bikorwa itangwa ry'amasoko ya JIT, umusaruro w'umurimo wariyongereye. Wiyongereyeho 2% mbere yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa.

Icyerekezo cya 2. Kuva ku micungire y'ibicuruzwa byaguzwe kugeza ku micungire y'umutungo wo hanze w'abatanga ibicuruzwa.

Kubera ko impande zombi zishinzwe gutanga no gusaba serivisi zashyizeho ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire kandi bwungukira impande zombi, impande zombi zishinzwe gutanga serivisi zishobora gusangira amakuru y’umusaruro, ireme, serivisi, n’igihe cy’ibikorwa ku gihe, kugira ngo umucuruzi ashobore gutanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi uko bikenewe, kandi hakurikijwe umusaruro. Guhuza ibikorwa byo gusaba serivisi na gahunda z’abatanga serivisi kugira ngo haboneke amasoko ku gihe. Amaherezo, abatanga serivisi bashyirwa mu nzira yo gutanga no kugurisha kugira ngo bagere ku nyungu ku nyungu.

Ingamba zo gutanga ibicuruzwa nta nenge ni ingamba zisanzwe mu micungire y’amasoko n’ibicuruzwa by’ibigo mpuzamahanga. Bivuga gushaka abatanga ibicuruzwa batunganye. Uyu mutanga ibicuruzwa ashobora kuba uruganda cyangwa umucuruzi. Mu guhitamo umutanga ibicuruzwa, ugomba no gusuzuma aho umutanga ibicuruzwa aherereye, ari na byo dukunze kwita ibintu bine by’ingenzi mu gutanga amasoko yambukiranya imipaka, ari byo urujya n’uruza rw’agaciro, urujya n’uruza rwa serivisi, urujya n’uruza rw’amakuru, n’uruza rw’imari.

"Umuyoboro w'agaciro" ugaragaza urujya n'uruza rw'ibicuruzwa na serivisi byiyongereyeho kuva ku mutungo usanzwe kugeza ku muguzi wa nyuma, harimo ibikorwa byiyongereyeho agaciro nko guhindura, gupakira, guhindura buri muntu ku giti cye, no gushyigikira serivisi z'ibicuruzwa na serivisi bikorwa n'abatanga serivisi bo mu nzego zitandukanye.

"Urugendo rwa serivisi" ahanini rwerekeza ku Serivisi y'ibicuruzwasisitemu za serivisi na serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha zishingiye ku byo abakiriya bakeneye, ni ukuvuga urujya n'uruza rwihuse kandi runoze rw'ibicuruzwa na serivisi hagati y'abatanga serivisi bo mu nzego zitandukanye, ibigo by'ingenzi n'abakiriya, ndetse n'urujya n'uruza rw'ibicuruzwa, nko kugarura ibicuruzwa, gusana, kongera gukoresha ibikoresho, kongera gutumiza ibicuruzwa, n'ibindi.

"Urugendo rw'amakuru" bivuga ishyirwaho ry'urubuga rw'amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa kugira ngo amakuru yerekeye ibikorwa, imiterere y'ububiko, n'ibindi bigega by'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bigerweho mu buryo bubiri.

"Umuvuduko w'amafaranga" yerekeza ahanini ku muvuduko w'amafaranga yinjira n'igipimo cy'imikoreshereze y'umutungo w'ibicuruzwa.

Icyerekezo cya 3. Gutanga amasoko gakondo ukoresheje ikoranabuhanga

Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amasoko bwibanda ku buryo bwo gukora ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi n'abatanga amasoko. Ikiranga ni uko yita cyane ku kugereranya ibiciro by'abatanga amasoko mu gihe cyo gutanga amasoko, kandi igahitamo ufite igiciro gito nk'umufatanyabikorwa binyuze mu ipiganwa ry'igihe kirekire hagati y'abatanga amasoko. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amasoko ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amakuru adafite aho ahuriye. Ibiranga ni uko igenzura ry'iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ari akazi k'ingenzi nyuma yo gusuzuma ishami rishinzwe kugura, kandi kugenzura ubuziranenge biragoye; isano hagati y'ibitangwa n'ibikenewe ni umubano w'igihe gito cyangwa w'igihe gito, kandi hariho ipiganwa rirenze ubufatanye; ubushobozi bwo gusubiza ibyo umukoresha akeneye buragenda buhoro.

Sisitemu zo gutanga amasoko kuri interineti ubu zirimo ahanini uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru ku isoko kuri interineti no gutanga amasoko, uburyo bwo kwishyurana no kwishyurana hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwo kwishyurana ku misoro y’ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa byinjira n’ibisohoka, hamwe na sisitemu zigezweho zo gutwara ibintu.

Iyo amatsinda mpuzamahanga agura ibicuruzwa kuri interineti, ubwoko bukurikira bw'amasoko y'ikoranabuhanga kuri interineti buratangizwa:

Cyamunara y’Abongereza (cyamunara y’Abongereza): Cyamunara ya mbere yatangiriye mu Bwongereza; mu cyamunara y’Abongereza, umugurisha ni we ugena igiciro cy’inyongera agatangiza isoko. Uko isoko rikomeza, abaguzi benshi bakomeje kongera ibiciro byabo byo kugura kugeza igihe nta kindi gisigaye. Ibiciro biri hejuru bibaho, isoko rirafunga, kandi uwatanze igiciro kinini aratsinda.

Ibibazo n'iperereza: Isoko ry'iperereza ryo kuri interineti risa n'isoko ry'igurisha ry'igurisha ry'Abongereza, ariko amategeko agenga ipiganwa ku isoko araruhutse kurushaho. Uretse ibiciro (n'ingano yatanzwe), abacuruzi bashobora no gutanga andi mabwiriza y'inyongera (nk'ay'ibikorwa). ibisabwa bimwe na bimwe n'ibyo biyemeje kuri serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha). Aya mabwiriza y'inyongera akunze kumenyeshwa umuguzi mu buryo bwa "hidden" kandi akabikwa ibanga ku bandi batanga isoko. Hashyirwaho igihe cy'ituze mbere yuko isoko ry'iperereza rifunga kugira ngo abaguzi bashobore gusuzuma no gusuzuma andi mabwiriza y'umugurisha (bityo, ntabwo bivuze ko ufite igiciro gito ari we utsindira isoko).

Isoko rifunguye n'isoko rifunze: Mu cyamunara (yo mu Bwongereza), bitewe n'urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere y'isoko, imyitwarire y'abanywanyi ku isoko ibura ubwigenge ku rugero runaka, ni ukuvuga ko ibiciro n'ingano by'umuguzi runaka bihita bikoreshwa n'abanywanyi bose. Nkuko buri wese abizi, kugira ngo hakomezwe ubwigenge bw'imyitwarire y'abanywanyi ku isoko no kwirinda amakimbirane mabi, isoko rya cyamunara rifunze (cyamunara), aho ibiciro bya buri wese mu bitabiriye bigirwa ibanga ku bandi bitabira (urugero: Aya makuru ashobora koherezwa hakoreshejwe imeri ihishe). Abategura iri soko rifunze bagomba gukurikiza neza gahunda y'irushanwa ry'isoko kugira ngo bamenye uwatsinze. Mu isoko rya elegitoroniki, ubwoko bw'itegurwa bukunze gukorwa na mudasobwa (seriveri y'umuyoboro), ikoresha porogaramu zakusanyijwe hakurikijwe amategeko agenga irushanwa ry'isoko, igatangiza isoko mu buryo bwikora, igakomeza irushanwa ry'isoko, kugeza isoko rimaze kwemezwa, hanyuma igahita igena uwatsinze isoko kandi igakuraho abarenga ku mategeko.

Cyamunara y’ibintu bimwe na bimwe ishingiye ku giciro kimwe n’icyamunara cy’ibicuruzwa bipakiye: Iyo ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwo kuri interineti busaba ibicuruzwa bimwe gusa, ubu bwoko bw’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bwitwa ubucuruzi bw’ibintu bimwe (ibicuruzwa). Iyo ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga busaba ibicuruzwa byinshi, bwitwa ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa bipakiye. Ibintu by’ingenzi biranga ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bupakiye kuri interineti ugereranije n’ubucuruzi bw’ibintu bimwe kuri interineti ni ibi bikurikira:

Abaguzi bashobora kuzigama igihe, kunoza imikorere no kugabanya ikiguzi. Kugira ngo upake kandi ugure ibicuruzwa byinshi, ugomba gutangiza isoko ryo kuri interineti rimwe gusa kandi ukarangiza igikorwa mu buryo bumwe. Ibi bizigama umuguzi igihe kinini n'imbaraga ugereranije no kugura ibicuruzwa bitandukanye ukwabyo no gutangiza isoko ryo kuri interineti inshuro nyinshi kugira ngo ushake abagurisha benshi (abacuruzi) kandi unoze imikorere myiza yo kugura.​

Abagurisha bafite umwanya munini wo guhatana. Mu gihe cy’ubucuruzi bw’ibipaki, umuguzi atanga gusa igiciro cy’ibipaki (igiciro cyo kugura ipaki yose) n’ingano y’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Umugurisha ashobora gukora imvange itandukanye y’ibiciro bitandukanye by’ibicuruzwa no gupiganwa kuri interineti hakurikijwe inyungu ze bwite. Ubu buryo bunini bwo guhatana butuma abaguzi bitabira gupiganwa kuri interineti.

Irushanwa ku isoko ririmo gukomera cyane. Ishingiro ry'isoko ni irushanwa. Ubukana bw'irushanwa ku isoko bushobora kugaragazwa n'umubare w'ibiciro byose kuri buri gipimo (urugero, mu isaha imwe) n'umubare w'abitabira isoko.

Icyerekezo cya 4. Uburyo bwo kugura buhuriweho kugira ngo bube butandukanye.

Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga amasoko n'inzira zikoreshwa mu buryo bumwe, ariko ubu burimo gutera imbere vuba mu cyerekezo gitandukanye, ibyo bikaba byaragaragaye mbere na mbere mu guhuza amasoko mpuzamahanga n'amasoko yo mu gace runaka.

Imiterere y’ibikorwa by’ibigo mpuzamahanga mu karere ijyanye cyane n’inyungu zo kugereranya uturere bya buri gihugu, kandi ibikorwa byabo byo gutanga amasoko bigaragaza no gutanga amasoko ku isi, ni ukuvuga ko ibigo bikoresha isoko mpuzamahanga nk'urwego rwo guhitamo ababitanga babikwiriye, aho kuba igihugu runaka gusa. Akarere.

Icya kabiri kigaragara ni uguhuza amasoko rusange n'amasoko y'ibanze. Kuba ugomba gukoresha amasoko rusange cyangwa gutanga amasoko y'ibanze biterwa n'uko ibintu bimeze koko kandi ntibishobora kuba rusange. Icyerekezo rusange kirimo ubu ni iki: imirimo yo gutanga amasoko ikunze kuba iy'ibanze; amasosiyete atanga serivisi akoresha amasoko rusange kurusha amasosiyete akora; amasosiyete mato akoresha amasoko rusange Hari amasosiyete menshi kurusha amasosiyete manini; hamwe n'ihuzwa ry'amasosiyete manini n'igurwa ry'amasosiyete, amasosiyete menshi arimo gukoresha uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko bw'ibanze n'ubw'ibanze; kugabanya imiterere y'ibigo bizatuma uburenganzira bwo kugenzura amasosiyete bukwirakwira, bityo uburenganzira bwo gutanga amasoko y'ibanze bugabanuka ku rugero runaka; gutanga amasoko y'ibanze ku byo ukeneye na serivisi zimwe.

Icya gatatu ni uruvange rw'abatanga ibicuruzwa benshi n'umutanga ibicuruzwa umwe.

Mu bihe bisanzwe, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga akoresha ingamba zo gutanga ibicuruzwa byinshi cyangwa gutanga ibicuruzwa byinshi. Itangazo ryo kugura riturutse ku mucuruzi umwe ntirizarenga 25% by'ibikenewe byose. Ibi ahanini ni ukugira ngo hirindwe ibyago, ariko ntibivuze ko uko abatanga ibicuruzwa benshi ari ko biba byiza. 

Icya kane ni uguhuza amasoko y’inganda n’amasoko y’abakwirakwiza ibicuruzwa.

Ibigo binini bikunze kugura ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye ku nganda bitewe n’uko zisaba byinshi, mu gihe amasezerano y’ibicuruzwa rusange cyangwa amasoko ya JIT (ni ukuvuga uburyo bwo gutanga amasoko mu gihe cyagenwe) akenshi byishingikiriza ku bacuruza ibicuruzwa bakomeye kugira ngo batunganye umubare munini w’amatunda mato.

Uburyo bwa nyuma ni uguhuza amasoko yikorera ku giti cye no gutanga amasoko hanze.

Icyerekezo cya 5. Muri rusange, zirikana imiterere y'inshingano za rubanda mu kugura ibicuruzwa

Dukurikije imibare, amasosiyete mpuzamahanga arenga 200 hirya no hino ku isi yashyizeho kandi ashyira mu bikorwa amategeko agenga inshingano z’ibigo, asaba abatanga serivisi n’abakozi bashinzwe amasezerano kubahiriza amahame agenga umurimo, no gutegura abakozi b’amasosiyete cyangwa guha ububasha ibigo byigenga by’igenzura gukora isuzuma rusange ry’inganda zabo zikora amasezerano, ibyo dukunze kuvuga ko ari icyemezo cy’uruganda cyangwa igenzura ry’uruganda. Muri byo, amasosiyete arenga 50 nka Carrefour, Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Disney, Mattel, Avon, na General Electric yakoze igenzura ry’inshingano z’imibereho myiza mu Bushinwa. Amasosiyete amwe na amwe yashyizeho amashami ashinzwe inshingano z’umurimo n’imibereho myiza mu Bushinwa. Dukurikije isuzuma ry’impuguke, Kuri ubu, amasosiyete arenga 8.000 mu turere tw’inkombe z’Ubushinwa yagenzuwe, kandi amasosiyete arenga 50.000 azagenzurwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose.

Amwe mu masosiyete yohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga yavuze afite amarangamutima menshi ko muri iki gihe, bisa nkaho bidashoboka gukorana ubucuruzi n'amasosiyete manini hatabayeho kunoza amahame agenga abakozi (harimo imyaka y'abakozi, imishahara y'abakozi, amasaha y'inyongera, aho bacumbitse n'aho barara n'ubundi burenganzira bwa muntu). Muri iki gihe, ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga n'Ubushinwa by'imyenda, ibikinisho, inkweto, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, ibikoresho bya siporo, ibikoresho bya buri munsi n'ibindi bicuruzwa mu bihugu by'i Burayi na Amerika bigengwa n'amahame agenga abakozi.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubufaransa, Ubutaliyani n'indi miryango gakondo y'ubucuruzi bw'inganda z'ubushinwa zikora mu nganda zikoresha urumuri rwo mu gihugu irimo kuganira ku masezerano asaba ko amasosiyete yose y'imyenda, imyenda, ibikinisho, inkweto n'ibindi bicuruzwa byo mu Bushinwa agomba kwemezwa mbere y'igihe hakurikijwe amahame ya SA8000 (ni ukuvuga icyemezo mpuzamahanga cy'inshingano ku mibereho myiza), bitabaye ibyo bazanga gutumizwa mu mahanga. Icyemezo cya SA8000 cy'inshingano ku mibereho myiza ni cyo gipimo cya mbere ku isi ku mahame mbwirizamuco y'ibigo. Ni ikindi kigeragezo gishya cy'ubucuruzi kidashingiye ku misoro cyashyizweho n'ibihugu byateye imbere nyuma y'ikigeragezo cy'icyatsi kibisi. Intego yacyo ni ugusobanura neza ko ibicuruzwa bitangwa n'abakora n'abatanga ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa n'amahame mbwirizamuco ku mibereho myiza, mu gihe byongera ikiguzi cy'umusaruro w'ibicuruzwa mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere no gusubiza inyuma ikibazo cy'uko bimwe mu bicuruzwa mu bihugu byateye imbere bitaba bifite ihiganwa bitewe n'ibiciro by'abakozi biri hejuru.