Inzira y'Abatangizi yo Kwirinda Ingorane mu Gutanga Kontineri Zitwara Ibintu mu Nyanja Yawe ya Mbere: Ibintu 5 by'ingenzi byo kugenzura kuva ku guhitamo no kwishyura ibicuruzwa kugeza ku igenzura

Inzira y'Abatangizi yo Kwirinda Ingorane mu Gutanga Kontineri Zitwara Ibintu mu Nyanja Yawe ya Mbere: Ibintu 5 by'ingenzi byo kugenzura kuva ku guhitamo no kwishyura ibicuruzwa kugeza ku igenzura

Ku bagurisha bashya binjira mu bucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka ku nshuro ya mbere, inzira yo kohereza kontineri yabo ya mbere yo gutwara imizigo mu nyanja yuzuyemo ibintu bitazwi n'ibyago - amafaranga yihishe ari kwiyongera cyane, nta muntu ufata inshingano ku bicuruzwa byangiritse, gutinda kwa gasutamo bigatuma ibihe byo kugurisha bitagenda neza, ndetse n'abatwara imizigo babura nyuma yo kwishyura byose bishobora gutuma ishoramari rya mbere ritagira icyo rigeraho. Iyi nkuru, ihuza amategeko mpuzamahanga y'inganda z'ubwikorezi n'uburambe bufatika, ivuga muri make ahantu 5 h'ingenzi ho kugenzura kugira ngo bigufashe kwirinda 90% by'ibibazo no kurangiza neza ibyo gutwara imizigo mu mazi.

Igenzura rya 1: Guhitamo Abatwara Imizigo - Kwanga "Umutego Uhendutse," Ibande ku "Impamyabushobozi + Umutungo" Igenzura ry'Ibintu Bibiri

Abagurisha bashya bakunda kugwa mu "mutego wo kugereranya ibiciro," bagahitamo buhumyi imashini yohereza imizigo ifite ibiciro bike, ariko bagahomba bitewe n'amafaranga yihishe ndetse na serivisi idahagije. Ishingiro ryo guhitamo imashini yohereza imizigo si "gushaka ihendutse," ahubwo ni "gushaka ihuye neza." Ikintu cy'ingenzi ni ukugenzura ibintu bitatu:

1. Ibyemezo n'Igenzura ry'Iyubahirizwa ry'Amategeko: Shyira imbere abatanga serivisi bafite ibyangombwa mpuzamahanga byemewe byo gutwara imizigo, nka NVOCC (Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier) n'ibyemezo bihuye n'amategeko agenga igihugu cyoherejwemo (urugero, kwiyandikisha muri US FMC, kwiyandikisha muri EU EORI). Abatwara imizigo badafite ibyangombwa bikwiye bashobora kudashobora gutanga inyandiko zemewe n'amategeko zo kwemerera imizigo, bigatuma bafungwa cyangwa bagacibwa amande.

Kwemeza guhuza umutungo: Emeza ko umucuruzi w’imizigo azi amategeko agenga imisoro ya gasutamo, politiki z’ibyambu, n’ibisabwa byihariye (urugero, amahame ngenderwaho yo kubika ibicuruzwa ya Amazon FBA) ku isoko wifuza (urugero, uturere tuzwi nka Amerika, Uburayi, n’Ubwongereza). Umucuruzi w’imizigo w’ubwiza buhanitse agomba kuba ashobora gutanga gahunda ihamye yo kohereza ibicuruzwa ku nzira zijyanye n’ibyo, umutungo uturuka ku bigo bifatanya mu gutwara ibicuruzwa, n’umuyoboro w’abakozi bo mu gace utuyemo ku cyambu cyo kujyamo—ibi bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku imisoro ya gasutamo no ku mutekano w’imizigo.

Izina n'Igenzura ry'Ibyavuzwe: Reba isuzuma ry'ukuri ry'abatwara imizigo binyuze mu mbuga nkoranyambaga z'inganda n'abaturage bagurisha imizigo, wibanda ku bintu by'ingenzi nko "amafaranga yihishe," "imyumvire ku bijyanye no gukemura ibibazo," n' "ubushobozi bwo gukemura ibibazo." Muri icyo gihe, saba abatwara imizigo gutanga inyigo z'ingero z'ibicuruzwa bisa (cyane cyane icyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa byawe) kugira ngo wirinde guhitamo abatanga serivisi badafite uburambe bukwiye.

Inama yo kwirinda: Witondere amatangazo "y’igiciro gito atangwa n’abandi bose". Ikiguzi cyemewe cy’umucuruzi w’imizigo kigomba kuba gikubiyemo isesengura rirambuye ry’imizigo yo mu nyanja, amafaranga yo gutwara ibicuruzwa, amafaranga yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, nibindi. Irinde serivisi iyo ari yo yose idafite urutonde rw’amafaranga y’ikiguzi.

Igenzura rya 2: Uburyo bwo kwishyura – Kuringaniza "Umutekano no Guhindura Ibiciro," Kurinda Amafaranga
Uburyo bwo kwishyura mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bugira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mutekano w'amafaranga. Abagurisha bashya bagomba kwanga ibisabwa byo kwishyura "bikwiranye na bose" no guhitamo uburyo bukwiye hashingiwe ku rwego rw'ubufatanye. Ihame ry'ingenzi ni "kugabanya igipimo cyo kwishyura mbere no kugumana ububasha ku kwishyura kwa nyuma": Uburyo Busanzwe bwo Kwishyura Ingaruka: Kohereza ibicuruzwa ku buntu (T/T): Uburyo busanzwe mu nganda. Witondere igipimo cyo kwishyura mbere (byemewe kutarenga 30% ku bufatanye bwa mbere). Kwishyura nyuma bigomba kumvikana nyuma yo kohereza ibicuruzwa na mbere y'uko inyemezabwishyu isohoka kugira ngo wirinde ko ibicuruzwa bizimira nyuma yo kwishyura mbere byuzuye.

Ibaruwa y'Inguzanyo (L/C): Umutekano mwinshi, ariko inzira igoye kandi ihenze. Ikwiriye gutumiza ibintu bifite agaciro gakomeye. Menya neza ko amasezerano ya L/C ahuye n'amasezerano kugira ngo wirinde imitego yo "gutesha agaciro" (nk'uko kwanga kwishyura nta mpamvu).

Kwishyura byemewe n'umuntu wa gatatu: Ibikorwa by'ubucuruzi bishingira ku buryo bwizewe bwo kwishyura bwambukiranya imipaka. Amafaranga abikwa mu buryo bwo kwishyura, kandi kwishyura bitangwa gusa nyuma yo kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa byatanzwe. Bikwiriye ubufatanye bwa mbere aho icyizere mu gutwara imizigo kidahagije.

Kwemeza Ibisobanuro by'Amafaranga: Mbere yo kwishyura, saba raporo irambuye y'amafaranga y'ubwikorezi, igaragaza neza umubare, ifaranga, n'igihe cyo kwishyura kuri buri kiguzi. Cyane cyane menya niba harimo amafaranga yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo, imisoro, n'amafaranga yo kubika ibicuruzwa ku cyambu cyoherezwa (niba uhisemo amabwiriza ya DDP, menya neza ko imisoro n'amafaranga yose biri muri ibyo kandi nta yandi mafaranga y'inyongera akurikiraho).

Inama zo kwirinda imitego: Kwanga ubusabe budafite ishingiro bwo "kwishyura byose mbere yo kwiyandikisha." Amafaranga y'inyongera agomba kwemezwa mu nyandiko; amasezerano yo mu magambo arabujijwe cyane.

Igenzura rya 3: Ibisobanuro by'Amasezerano - Sobanura imbibi z'uburenganzira n'inshingano zo kwirinda amakimbirane y'ejo hazaza

Abagurisha benshi bashya birengagiza amasezerano, bigatuma batagira icyo bakora iyo ibicuruzwa byangiritse cyangwa bitinze. Mbere yo gusinya amasezerano, banza usuzume witonze ingingo z'ingenzi zikurikira kugira ngo umenye neza uburenganzira n'inshingano bisobanutse:

Gusobanura inshingano z'imizigo: Sobanura neza inshingano z'umucuruzi w'imizigo (urugero, gutwara gusa, cyangwa harimo imenyekanisha rya gasutamo, kwemererwa, no gutanga), hamwe n'amahame agenga indishyi ku bicuruzwa byangiritse cyangwa byatakaye (urugero, indishyi ishingiye ku gaciro nyakuri k'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ikiguzi cy'imizigo). Irinde amasezerano afite inyito nyinshi.

Amasezerano y'igihe: Sobanura neza ibintu by'ingenzi nk'igihe cyo gupakira ibicuruzwa, igihe ntarengwa cyo gupakira ibicuruzwa, igihe cyagenwe cyo kuhagera, n'igihe cyo kurangiza kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, ndetse no gukemura ibibazo by'ubukererwe (urugero, niba igihe cyo gutinda kirenze iminsi X, umukozi ushinzwe gutwara imizigo azaba afite bimwe mu bihombo). Inyongera y'Ingingo Yihariye: Niba ibicuruzwa bikeneye kwinjira mu bubiko bwa Amazon FBA, amasezerano agomba kugaragaza "yubahiriza amahame ngenderwaho yo kubika ibicuruzwa bya Amazon FBA" (nk'ibisobanuro byo gushyiramo ibimenyetso n'ibisabwa mu gupakira) kugira ngo hirindwe kwangwa na FBA bitewe n'uko umukozi ushinzwe gutwara imizigo abikora nabi. Ku byiciro byihariye (nk'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ibicuruzwa biteje akaga), bigomba kugaragazwa neza ko umukozi ushinzwe gutwara imizigo afite ibyangombwa by'ubwikorezi bijyanye nabyo.

Inama zo kwirinda imitego: Amasezerano agomba gusobanura ko "amasezerano yose yo mu magambo adafite agaciro; amasezerano yanditse ni yo akurikizwa." Inyandiko z'ingenzi z'itumanaho (nk'ubutumwa bwa WeChat na emails) zigomba gufatwa nk'amashusho no kubikwa nk'ikimenyetso cyo kurinda uburenganzira bw'ejo hazaza.

Igenzura rya 4: Uburyo bwo kugenzura – Kugenzura kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera kugira ngo hirindwe "Ibicuruzwa Bidahuye" Impungenge ikomeye ku bagurisha imizigo yo mu mazi bwa mbere ni "kwishyura ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibisabwa." Abagurisha bashya bagomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugenzura kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera bukubiyemo "gukora + gupakira mbere + gupakira" kugira ngo hirindwe ibibazo by'ibicuruzwa: Igenzura ry'umusaruro: Iyo ibicuruzwa byakozwe hagati ya 50% na 70%, hamagara ikigo cy'igenzura cy'umuntu wa gatatu cyangwa ukorere igenzura ritunguranye ku ruganda ubwawe. Ibande ku kugenzura niba ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, ibisabwa, n'ibipakiye byujuje ibisabwa ku itumiza, menya vuba ibibazo, kandi usabe uruganda kubikosora. Igenzura ry'umusaruro mbere yo gupakira: Hakorwa igenzura ryuzuye ry'ibicuruzwa byose mbere yo gupakira kugira ngo harebwe ko ingano ihuye n'itumiza, ipaki irinzwe neza (kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu mu mazi), kandi ibirango bifite ubuziranenge (urugero, ibirango mu rurimi rw'igihugu cy'aho ibicuruzwa bijyanwa, ibirango bya kode ya HS).

Igenzura ry’Inzira yo Gupakira: Ushinzwe gutwara imizigo asabwa gutanga amafoto cyangwa amashusho y’inzira yo gupakira kugira ngo yemeze ko ibicuruzwa biparitse neza (urugero, ibicuruzwa biremereye hasi, ibicuruzwa byoroheje hejuru, kugira ngo birinde gusya), kandi ko agasanduku kameze neza (nta byangiritse, nta gusohora, cyangwa impumuro mbi). Nimero y’agasanduku n’inomero ya kashe byemejwe kandi byandikishijwe.

Inama zo kwirinda: Iyo hashyizweho igenzura ry’umuntu wa gatatu, hagomba gutoranywa ikigo cyujuje ibisabwa kandi cyizewe (nka SGS cyangwa BV). Raporo y’igenzura igomba kugaragaza neza ko "byujuje ibisabwa," "bidafite ibisabwa," cyangwa "bikeneye gukosorwa." Ibicuruzwa bidafite ibisabwa birabujijwe cyane gushyirwa mu gikoresho.

Igenzura rya 5: Gukurikirana ibijyanye no gukusanya no kugenzura ibijyanye n'ibicuruzwa – Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko mbere na mbere, kugenzura ibintu mu buryo bugaragara
Gutinda kwemererwa gucuruza ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo ni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu gutwara ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Abagurisha bashya bagomba kwitegura kwemererwa gucuruza ibicuruzwa kuri gasutamo mbere y'igihe no kugenzura ko inzira yose yo gutwara ibicuruzwa ikurikiranwa:

Gutegura inyandiko yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo: Kugenzura kode y’ibicuruzwa ya HS mbere y’igihe (reba amabwiriza agezweho ya HS kugira ngo wirinde amakosa yo gushyira mu byiciro atuma habaho amande), gutegura inyandiko zose zikenewe zo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo (inyemezabuguzi y’ubucuruzi, urutonde rw’ibipakiye, icyemezo cy’aho bikomoka, raporo y’isuzuma ry’ibicuruzwa, nibindi), no kugenzura neza ko amakuru y’inyandiko ahuye (urugero: izina, ingano, n’agaciro k’ibicuruzwa bihuye n’ibicuruzwa nyabyo).

Kwigenzura ku buryo bwo kwishyura imisoro ku misoro ya gasutamo: Sobanukirwa politiki zo kwishyura imisoro ku gihugu ugiye kujyamo (urugero: icyemezo cya FDA cya Amerika, icyemezo cya EU CE, ibisabwa mu Bwongereza kuri TVA), kandi urebe neza ko ibicuruzwa byubahiriza amategeko yo mu gace utuyemo kugira ngo wirinde gufungwa kubera "kutubahiriza amategeko" (urugero: ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga bidafite icyemezo, ibiribwa bidafite ikimenyetso).

Gukurikirana ibicuruzwa mu gihe nyacyo: Hitamo kohereza imizigo ifite sisitemu yo gukurikirana imizigo mu gihe nyacyo. Koresha sisitemu kugira ngo ukurikirane aho ibicuruzwa byawe biva ku byambu byo mu Bushinwa bigeze, aho binyura, igihe bigeze, aho ibicuruzwa byawe bigeze, n'aho bigeze ku musaruro wa nyuma. Niba hari ibibazo bivutse (nk'ibitinda by'imizigo cyangwa imbogamizi zo kujyana imizigo muri gasutamo), vugana n'ikohereza imizigo vuba kugira ngo ubikemure.

Inama zo kwirinda ibiza: Emeza inzira yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo n'igihe gisabwa ku cyambu cyoherezwa hamwe n'umukozi ushinzwe gutwara imizigo mbere y'igihe, biguha igihe gihagije cyo kugabanya (cyane cyane mu bihe by'umuvuduko) kugira ngo wirinde kubura amahirwe yo kugurisha bitewe n'ubukererwe bwa gasutamo.

Incamake: Ku bagurisha imizigo yo mu mazi bwa mbere, "kwitonda + gukora neza" ni ingenzi. Ku bagurisha bashya, gutanga neza kontineri yabo ya mbere yo gutwara imizigo yo mu mazi ntibigabanya gusa igihombo cya mbere ahubwo binakusanya uburambe bw'agaciro mu gutwara imizigo mu mahanga. Wibuke ibi bintu 5 by'ingenzi: Hitamo kontineri yo gutwara imizigo ifite "ibisabwa + umutungo," kubahiriza "igipimo cy'ubwishyu mu mutekano," gusuzuma "ibisobanuro birambuye ku burenganzira n'inshingano" biri mu masezerano, kugenzura ibicuruzwa mu ruhererekane rwose rw'ibicuruzwa, no kwitegura kwemererwa kwa gasutamo mbere y'igihe.