Ungayifumana njani iarhente yakho yokuthenga engcono?

Ngexesha leencoko zemihla ngemihla, abathengi abaninzi badla ngokukhalaza ukuba iiarhente banezimo zengqondo ezimbi, bangabakhathaleli xa befowuna, kwaye baphoswe xa becela iisampulu. Ukujongana nabo akuyonto babeyicinga. Ngaba kukho imfihlo? Njengomthengisi, phantse wonke umntu unalo eli thuba. Abathengi abaninzi bafowuna baze baqale ngokucela amaxabiso nokuthelekisa amaxabiso. Emva koko kuya kukhankanywa ukuba ixabiso le-XXX lingcono…. Abathengisi badla ngokulahlekelwa ngumdla xa besiva oku. Kuba, ngengozi, ixabiso lakho liphumile. Awuyi kuba ngumthengi olungileyo kubo. Into oyikhathaleleyo lixabiso endaweni yemveliso. Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ishishini nawe kwixesha elizayo, uya kuza ukuba ixabiso liphantsi namhlanje, kwaye uya kuhamba ukuba ixabiso liphezulu ngomso. Abathengisi bathanda umthengi ozinzileyo (ubuninzi abubalulekanga) kunokuba ngumthengi ohambahambayo. Abanye abathengi bacinga ukuba iimfuno zabo zikhulu kwaye zinomtsalane ngokwaneleyo kwiiarhente. Kodwa wonke umntu uyazi ukuba xa inani likhulu, kokukhona liba nzima ngakumbi. Ukuba umthengi akakhankanyi iodolo, kuya kubakho umva omkhulu; ukuba ukuhanjiswa akufikeleli ngexesha, kuya kuba zizikhalazo zabathengi kunye nezikhalazo. Zingaphi izihlandlo apho imozulu ingaba mnandi khona? Hayi ingxaki.

Aba bathengi badla ngokuba kuluhlu olumnyama lomenzi wokuqala. Nokuba bafumene umthengi onjalo, iiarhente aziyi kuba nesibindi sokubhalisa nokufaka iiodolo kumenzi wokuqala ngokulula, kuba umenzi wokuqala uhlala ebaxelela ukuba bebe ngabathengi be-XX ixesha elide. Akunyanzelekanga ukuba ugxume. Hayi indlela ekungabi nantloni ngayo! Ezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo zinoku-odolwa ngaphandle kokubhalisa kumenzi wokuqala. Asikuko ukuba abanamaxabiso amahle, kungenxa yokuba awungomthengi olungileyo abamjonga njengomthengi olungileyo, kwaye abanasibindi sokukunika amaxabiso amahle kuba abanalo ukuqondana okuthe cwaka nawe. Ukuba usebenzisa ixabiso lakhe ukucinezela ezinye iiarhente kwaye wazise umenzi wokuqala ngalo, uya kuba nengxaki enkulu. Ke ngoko, ukuba ukhetha iimveliso ze-R&D kwaye ufumane iarhente, kufuneka uqale ungenise imeko esisiseko kwaye ucele i-FAE yabo ukuba ikucebise imveliso ehambelanayo. Intengiso iya kukunika ixabiso elibhekiselele kuyo (uzikhethele ngokwakho, kwaye emva kokufaka isaphulelo, iya kuba lixabiso leendleko oza kulifumana kwixesha elizayo). Emva koko landela amanyathelo okubacela ukuba banikeze okanye bathenge iisampulu kubo. Ukuba uthenga, kufuneka uqale wazise imeko yakho. Ukuba usebenzise iimveliso zokuqala, kufuneka ukuba "ubhalisiwe". Ngoko ke kufuneka uqale uxoxe nabo malunga nokuba ungaba ngumthengi wabo. Ukuba kucacile kwangaphambili, kufuneka babe neendlela ezininzi zokufikelela kuzo. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, siza kuxoxa ngokuqinisekiswa komgangatho wemveliso (hayi eyona nto iphambili, kuba umgangatho uqinisekiswa kakhulu ngumvelisi wokuqala), isitokhwe kunye nokuhanjiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixabiso.

Esi sisiqalo esifanelekileyo, ukuze iarhente ikuqonde, ikuxabise, kwaye ingene kwiingxoxo ezithe vetshe. Ukuqonda izinto ezikwi-arhente kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukubonelela ngempahla kufuneka kube yinto ephambili. Iarhente nganye inemigaqo-nkqubo yayo yeshishini kunye nokugxila kwimveliso. Ngaba iimfuno zomthengi kunye nezinto eziza kuqala ziyahambelana? Oku kubalulekile. Iarhente enkulu ineshishini elikhulu, kodwa oko inako kusenokungabi yile nto uyifunayo. Kukwakho nokukwazi kwearhente ukufumana iimpahla, ingakumbi xa ukubonelela ngeempahla kungonelanga. Ukubeka iodolo kwangethuba kusenokungathethi ukuba iimpahla zifumaneke kwangethuba, konke kuxhomekeke kumandla ayo kwifektri yokuqala. Ndikholelwa ukuba abathengi abaninzi baye bayiva le ncasa. Ukuba ukubonelela kunye nokuhanjiswa kuqinisekisiwe, into yokugqibela lixabiso. Isizathu sokuba ixabiso lixoxwe ekugqibeleni asikokuba ixabiso alibalulekanga, kodwa kungenxa yokuba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sangaphambili, ixabiso ngamanzi angenamthombo kunye nomthi ongenaziingcambu. Iyintoni injongo yokuba nexabiso elihle? Ishishini lezinto lidla ngokuba sisivumelwano sexesha elinye, kwaye ikamva lide. Ixabiso linokuncipha kancinci kwixesha elizayo Ukwehla kweeNdleko, ngoko kutheni uxhalabile? (Indlela yokunciphisa iiNdleko iya kuxoxwa kamva)

Ngoko ke, uluvo lwam: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekuthengeni kwabathengi ngumgangatho, kulandele ukuhanjiswa, kwaye ekugqibeleni ixabiso. Xa ukhetha iimveliso ezivela kwiimpawu ezidumileyo, okokuqala, umgangatho uyaqinisekiswa. Nokuba kukho into ehamba kakubi ngamanye amaxesha, kusoloko kukho ingcaciso kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba umntu athwale uxanduva. Ukuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuhanjiswa kwangoko kuchaphazela uvavanyo lwezinto ezikhoyo; ukuhanjiswa emva kwexesha kuchaphazela imveliso kunye nokuthengisa. Ixabiso yinto yokugqibela exoxwa ngayo. Ukuba kukho iingxaki ngomgangatho okanye ukuhanjiswa, umphathi akasoze aqonde: kuba ixabiso lilungile, oku kuyathetheleleka! Okuchaseneyo kukuba: Ngubani okwenze ukuba uthenge esi sivumelwano, esichaphazele umgangatho, imveliso kunye nemarike yemveliso?

Xa ufuna iqabane, indlela umthengi onamava afanele ayikhathalele ngayo imveliso kufuneka ibe yile: umgangatho, ukuhanjiswa kunye nexabiso. Uyaqonda ukuba ixabiso aliyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuba umgangatho uyathandabuzeka kwaye ukuhanjiswa kuncinci, yintoni inzuzo yexabiso elifanelekileyo? Nokuba akukho ngxaki ngomgangatho, yintoni injongo yokulungiselela uluhlu oluninzi lwezinto ukuqinisekisa imveliso eqhubekayo? Iintlawulo zokunyuka kwemisebenzi yenkunzi kunye neentlawulo zolawulo zisenokuba sele zilungisile into ebizwa ngokuba "lixabiso elihle". Ukuba kukho utshintsho kwimveliso, ukuba isetyenziswa kancinci okanye ayisetyenziswa, inzuzo iya kudlula ilahleko! Ke ngoko, emva kokuqinisekisa ukuba ungaba ngumthengi wearhente, kufuneka uqale ucinge ngesiqinisekiso somgangatho wemveliso. Ewe kona, ukuba unguphawu oluphezulu, akufuneki ukhathazeke ngale micimbi. Umba wokuhanjiswa ubaluleke kakhulu, ngakumbi kwezinye iitships eziphambili, ezihlala zingenazo ezinye izinto ezithatha indawo yophawu lwesibini. Nje ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle, ngumbandela wobomi nokufa ekuthengweni. Umzi-mveliso wokuqala uhlala ungenakuyisombulula le ngxaki. Ukuhanjiswa kuhlala kuthatha iiveki ezi-8 okanye iiveki ezili-12, kwaye uluhlu luphathwa ziiarhente. Ngoko ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho unikezelo kuye kwaba yingxaki kwiiarhente.

Okwangoku, into ekufuneka ihlolwe sisiseko sabathengi bearhente kunokuba ibe ngamandla emali, nto leyo ethathwa njengebaluleke kakhulu. Kuba kwanearhente enamandla emali ayilungiseleli uluhlu olukhulu lomthengi omnye. Abathengi kufuneka bakhathazeke ngeemveliso eziphambili zale arhente. Ukuba iimveliso ezikhuthazwa kwaye zithengiswa yile arhente zizinto ozifunayo, ngoko ke ngumthengisi wakho ofanelekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba banesiseko sabathengi esifanayo, badla ngokuba namandla okuxhasa ubuchwephesha kule ndawo, kwaye bahlala bekunika iSisombululo esipheleleyo ngokungalindelekanga xa uphuhlisa imveliso. I-FAE yabo idlala ngezi chips imini yonke. Bayazi zonke iingxaki abathengi abadla ngokudibana nazo ngexesha lophuhliso lwemveliso kunye nemveliso. Xa uphelelwe lithemba, badla ngokuzisombulula iimfuno zakho ezingxamisekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba banesiseko sabathengi esifanayo, iiarhente zinokucela iimpahla ezingaphezulu kwifektri yokuqala kwaye zibe namandla amakhulu okuxoxisana. Badla ngokufumana ixabiso elihle kwifektri yokuqala, nto leyo edala iimeko zokuba abathengi balwele amaxabiso abo amahle. Ngenxa yokuba kukho isiseko sabathengi esinjalo, xa umenzi wokuqala eqalisa imveliso entsha, kufuneka ibe yinto yokuqala abayicingayo. Bexhomekeke kubuchule babo bokuxhasa ubugcisa kunye nobuchule bokuthengisa, iimveliso ezintsha ziziswa kubathengi babo kuqala. Ngale ndlela imveliso yakho entsha inokuba phambili kancinci kunezinye iinkampani okhuphisana nazo.

Okwesine, kuba enesiseko esifanayo sabathengi, uza kulungiselela isitokhwe esingaphezulu ngokwendalo. Ukufika kwabathengi abatsha kuya kumenza abe nesibindi ngakumbi ekulungiseleleni isitokhwe esaneleyo. Ukuhanjiswa kwakho ngokwemvelo kuqinisekisiwe ngakumbi. Okwesihlanu, kuba unesiseko esifanayo sabathengi, kulula kakhulu ukutshintsha iodolo yakho. Ngeli xesha, iiarhente ngokubanzi aziyi kukhathazeka ngokunyuka, ukuncipha okanye nokurhoxiswa kweeodolo zakho (kodwa iiarhente ziya kuba nexhala kakhulu malunga nokuba ujikeleza nje xa uneodolo.). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu. Musa ukucinga ukuba ungayirhoxisa iodolo ngomnxeba omnye ngaphandle kokuhlawula. Akukho nto unokuyenza ngayo. Ukuba ayisebenzi, ndiza kufumana enye iarhente. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le ndlela inemiphumo engapheliyo! Kukho abathengisi abambalwa kuphela betshiphu yakho ephambili. Ukuba udumile, umenzi wokuqala kunye nabathengisi baya kukunika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Nokuba uhamba neodolo, ezinye iiarhente zinokungakwamkeli ngoncumo, kuba ukuba awulumkanga, uya kuzimbela umngxuma. Utshintsho lwemarike ludla ngokuba nzima ukuluqonda, ingakumbi ukuba umthengi akakabi yinkokeli kule marike. Emva kokufumana iodolo namhlanje, ndisebenze nzima uku-odola, ukucela nokusukela iimpahla. Ngomso iodolo yomthengi iyarhoxiswa kwaye ucinga ngokurhoxisa iodolo okanye ukuyibuyisela. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukuthenga kuhlale kucingelwa ukongezwa nokurhoxiswa kweeodolo, kwaye kuqhutyekwe phambili kwaye kubuye umva ngokukhululeka.

Njengoko umgangatho kunye nokuhanjiswa kuqinisekisiwe, lixesha lokuthetha ngexabiso. Ixabiso libucayi kakhulu, kwaye sinokuthetha ngexabiso kuphela xa yonke into yenziwe. Ixabiso leetships eziqhelekileyo lisezandleni zeearhente. Amaxabiso ezinye iitships eziphambili zihlala zisezandleni zabavelisi bokuqala, abaya kunika amaxabiso ahlukeneyo ngeearhente ngokweemeko ezahlukeneyo zabathengi. Ungayifumana njani ixabiso elihle kumvelisi okanye iarhente yokuqala? Ukuba ungumntu okhokelayo kushishino, ungathembela kwimveliso yakho kunye nesikhundla sakho semarike ukuze ufumane ixabiso olilindeleyo. Ukuba ungomnye wabo bantu, ungakhathazeki. Ngokubanzi, iitships ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezibhalwe uphawu zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iimveliso. Nokuba yeyiphi na enexabiso elingcono, sebenzisa ngaphezulu, kwaye leyo inexabiso eliphantsi, sebenzisa ngaphantsi. Eli likhadi lexilongo esandleni sakho. Abavelisi bokuqala kunye neearhente baxhalabile kakhulu ngolu hlobo lweSabelo. Akunamsebenzi ukuba abathengi bayisebenzisa kancinci, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo akulunganga ukuyisebenzisa nabakhuphisana nabo! Ukuze kuqinisekiswe kwaye kuphuculwe iSabelo esinjalo, baya kwenza konke okusemandleni abo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho. Haha, ixabiso ngokwemvelo kulula ukulithetha. Ukuba uyinkampani yoyilo (owenza izicwangciso okanye othengisa izicwangciso), ubungakanani bokuthenga kwakho ngqo busenokungabi bukhulu, kodwa impembelelo yakho kwimarike kunye namandla akho okunyusa azinakuthathelwa ingqalelo. Ikhadi lakho letyala kukuba ukuba undinika ixabiso elihle, ndiza kuyila itshiphu yakho ibe sisisombululo sam. Ukuba akukho xabiso lilungileyo, ndiza kufumana enye inkampani. Ukuba unezixhobo zolawulo kushishino, ngokuqinisekileyo ungazisebenzisa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuba awunto yanto kwaye awunanto, kuya kufuneka uxoxe kakuhle nearhente. Makhe sibone ukuba iarhente ingatshintsha imeko ngendlela engaqondakaliyo ize ikwenze umntu osisityebi na? Siza kukunika iimpahla ezisasazwe ngokulinganayo ezivela kubathengi abakhulu. Kakade ke, le asiyonto esinokuthetha ngayo ngokungakhathali. Kufuneka silinde de kuphume amanzi.

Xa ufuna iqabane, okukhona lihle kokukhona lilungile, kokukhona lifanelekileyo liba lelona lilungileyo emva kokuqwalaselwa ngokupheleleyo. Kunjalo nangokufumana ababoneleli.

Iiarhente zaseNiu Ndathi ndakufowuna kwakhona umnxeba, ndaphendula ndingenamonde. Emva kokuthetha amazwi ambalwa ngokukhawuleza, ndawuvala kwakhona umnxeba. Bekumnandi kakhulu! Ndiza kukunika ishishini kodwa ndingabi namdla. Haha, awunakutsho oko. Lonke usapho lunee-sutra ezinzima ukuziphinda. Abantu abathengayo basenokungaqondi ukuba oku kukwaxinzelelo lweearhente zokuthengisa. Makhe ndibone ukuba ukuqonda kwam kungachaza isizathu? Yintoni ekufuneka ibe yinjongo yokuthengisa kumthengisi kwiarhente? Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba le yinto umphathi ayibethe entloko, kodwa andicingi njalo. Ixabiso elibalulekileyo lezalathisi zokuthengisa limiselwa ziimpawu zenkampani ngokwayo. Emva kwentengiso kukho i-FAE, izinto zokuhambisa, abasebenzi, izinto zokuhambisa, umphathi; iofisi, indawo yokugcina impahla; ukuthengisa kunye nokuhamba. Siqhele ukwahlula iindleko abazifumanayo njengeendleko zokuthengisa. Loluphi uhlobo lwenkampani kunye nohlobo luni lwesicwangciso sokuthengisa esisisebenzisayo oluya kuba neendleko zokuthengisa ezifanayo. Xa zidityaniswe nomda wenzuzo yokuthengisa, imisela ubungakanani obuncinci bokuthengisa obufunekayo yinkampani. Intengiso ehlulwe ngokuthe ngqo zezona njongo zokuthengisa zisisiseko zenkampani.

Xa sijonga ingeniso yokusebenza kunye nenani labasebenzi bezi nkampani, wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba abangoo-arhente abancinci. Kwezi nkampani zinkulu zee-arhente, injineli yokuthengisa ngokuthe ngqo ifuna ingeniso yonyaka emalunga nezigidi ezi-4 zeerandi zaseMelika. Ukuba irhafu yexabiso elongeziweyo ibalwa, umthamo wentengiso we-RMB ofunekayo umalunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zeerandi. Oko kuthetha ukuba udinga izigidi ezi-3 zentengiso ngenyanga. Umsebenzi wemihla ngemihla womthengisi oqhelekileyo uquka: ukufumana iqela lee-imeyile, kwaye uninzi lwazo kufuneka luphendulwe. Ngokwesiqhelo i-2/3 ingaphakathi kwenkampani kwaye i-1/3 ivela kubathengi. Kukho iintlanganiso ezininzi zangaphakathi zenkampani veki nganye; ukukhuthazwa kweemveliso ezintsha kunye nezisombululo ezintsha (ngaphandle kweemveliso ezintsha, akuyi kubakho ntengiso kwixesha elizayo); ukunika ingxelo ngomsebenzi wakutshanje kumzi-mveliso wokuqala; ukutyelela abathengi abaqhelekileyo, ukufumana ii-odolo, kunye nokubeka ii-odolo nabathengisi emva kokushwankathela. Uhlengahlengiso (ukurhoxiswa okanye ukongeza), ukukhawulezisa, ukuthunyelwa, ukubuyiselwa kwentlawulo, njl. Ngale ndlela, umntu oThengisayo unokuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukujongana nomthengi omtsha yonke imihla? Nceda niqondane, nabo badiniwe imini yonke. Bayazi kakuhle: Intengiso nganye ixhomekeke kubathengi ababini okanye abathathu abakhulu ukuze bagqibezele usukelo. Enyanisweni, iiarhente ziyazi nokuba i-10% okanye i-5% yabathengi benkampani bagqibe i-90% okanye nangaphezulu kweenjongo zenkampani. Abathengi abaninzi abanamandla.

Umsebenzi onzima wokuthengisa sesona sizathu siphambili, kwaye sikwasisizathu esicacileyo. Ewe, kukwakho nezizathu ezizimeleyo. Abanye abathengisi banombono ophosakeleyo emva kokusebenza iminyaka eliqela, kuba inkampani inkulu kuba inkulu, kwaye bacinga ukuba inkampani inamandla kuba inamandla. Haha, ukuba ungakwenza oku ukuba uqala inkampani yakho, oko kuya kuba kuhle kakhulu! Le yenye ingcamango. Umthengi kunye nearhente bathetha ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngefowuni, kwaye ngaphambi kokuba bazi, iNtengiso yearhente yayigqibile uvavanyo lomthengi wexesha elizayo. Ukuba awunamdla kakhulu, ngokwemvelo uya kufumana indlela yokujongana nayo. Ekubeni iarhente ingenamdla kakhulu, akukho mfuneko yokuba umthengi afake isicelo ngaphandle kweentloni. "Ukuba awungomthengi omkhulu, kutheni ungaqhagamshelani nabo?" Ndicinga ukuba kunjalo. Abathengi kunye neearhente nabo kufuneka bafanelane. Iarhente ayithethi ukuba ineempahla ozifunayo, kwaye ayithethi ukuba iza kuzithengisa kuwe xa sele ineempahla. Musa ukucinga ukuba inkampani enkulu ithetha iimpahla ezingaphezulu. Le nkampani inkulu, kwaye okubalulekileyo bubungakanani kunokuba ibe ziintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso. Akukho arhente ingathanda ukuvula ivenkile yamayeza aseTshayina ethengisa yonke into. Loo nto ibalulekile "kubathengisi beekhathalogu." Bonke abameli banethemba lokuthengisa kubathengi abakhulu nabaninzi abaneentlobo ezininzi ezixineneyo. Abathengisi abaqhelekileyo baqhelene nayo, ngoko ke mababonise izakhono ezikhethekileyo.

Yintoni i-semiconductor? Xa usebenzisana neearhente, kuya kufuneka uthethe ngexabiso ekugqibeleni. Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe ngexabiso, ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-semiconductor. Kuya kuba luncedo xa uthetha ngexabiso! Yintoni i-semiconductor? Ootitshala besikolo samabanga aphakathi basifundise ukuba "into (okanye izinto) phakathi komqhubi kunye ne-insulator yi-semiconductor. Ngokwendlela yabantu abaqhelekileyo, i-voltage isetyenziswa kuzo zombini iziphelo zento. Ukuba kukho umbane ohamba phakathi, ngumqhubi, kwaye ukuba akukho mbane ohamba kuwo, ngumqhubi. . Ophakathi kwezi zimbini yi-semiconductor. Siyazi ukuba ophakathi kobude nomfutshane ngumbane ophakathi, kwaye ophakathi kobushushu nokubanda ngamanzi afudumeleyo. Kodwa yintoni ophakathi kombane kunye nombane ongekhoyo? ? Ayicacanga kangako! Ukuba ikho, ikhona, kwaye ukuba ayikho, ayikho! Ngoku ekubeni kukho umsantsa, ndaziva kwangoko ukuba ii-semiconductors zaziyimfihlakalo kakhulu. Mhlawumbi utitshala wayecinga ukuba ulwazi lwethu olusisiseko lwalunganelanga ngelo xesha, okanye enye into. Ndathandabuza kwaye andizange ndinike ngcaciso. Xa ndangena eyunivesithi, utitshala akazange ayikhankanye. Mhlawumbi ndandicinga ukuba lo mbuzo ulula kakhulu. Ndandifuna ukuwubuza eklasini, kodwa ndandisoyika ukuba umbuzo bendiya kuba ngumntwana kakhulu kwaye bendiya kuhlekwa. Utitshala eklasini wayengabonakali ndawo, ngoko ke ingxaki yahlala ikhona.

Emva kokusebenza iminyaka eliqela, ngenye imini ingqondo yam yandikhanyisela ngequbuliso. Hayi bo, ndikhohlisiwe! Akukho mqhubi "ongaphelelanga" emhlabeni. Enyanisweni, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-"semiconductor" nayo iyi-conductor. Ukuba awukholelwa, zama ukufaka i-voltage kuzo zombini iziphelo zeqhekeza le-silicon ye-monocrystalline okanye i-polycrystalline silicon. Kuza kubakho umsinga ohamba phakathi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo awukho Phakathi kwezi zimbini, kukho into ekhoyo kwaye akukho nto ikhoyo. Enyanisweni, iimpawu zokwenyani zale nto ziboniswa xa ubuso bazo buphathwa: omnye umphezulu "ukhupha" ii-electron ezithile kwaye ushiye "imingxunya" ethile ukubonisa i-polarity entle (eyakhayo), kwaye omnye umphezulu ufaka ezinye ii-electron ukuze zibe ntle. Ine-polarity engeyiyo, kwaye emva koko iindawo ezimbini eziphathweyo zidibene ngokusondeleyo ukuze zenze "i-junction", ebizwa ngokuba yi-PN junction. Eli qhina lihle kwaye libonisa ubuntu balo obahlukileyo. Xa i-voltage elungileyo isetyenziswa kule junction, ukumelana kwayo kuncinci kakhulu kwaye kubonakala ngathi yi-conductor elungileyo; Xa kusetyenziswa i-voltage engalunganga, ukumelana kwayo kukhulu kakhulu kwaye kubonakala ngathi "yi-insulator". Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yesi sizathu igama elithi "semiconductor" livela. Indlela eya phambili yi-conductor, kwaye indlela ebuyela umva ibonakala ngathi yi-insulator. Kwangaxeshanye, iimpawu zabo zangoku kunye ne-voltage azisahambelani nomthetho we-Ohm nokuba i-voltage elungileyo okanye i-voltage engalunganga iyasebenza. Ixabiso layo lokumelana alisabi lixabiso elingaguqukiyo, kodwa liyatshintsha ngotshintsho kumbane kunye ne-voltage. Ukongeza iingcingo kuzo zombini iziphelo zayo yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-diode.

Ukwahlulahlula iimpawu zale junction kukhokelela kwiintlobo ezininzi zeediode. Ezo zisebenzisa iimpawu zokuya phambili ziquka iidiode ezilungisayo, iidiode ezibhekisayo, iidiode ezitshintshayo, iidiode ezidamping, iidiode zeSchottky, iidiode ezibona ukukhanya, njl. Kakade ke, ezona zidumileyo nezinemfashini zezi: I-diode ekhupha ukukhanya (i-LED). Ezona zixhaphakileyo ezisebenzisa iimpawu ezibuyela umva ziidiode zener, iidiode ezizimeleyo (zokukhusela), njl. Ukuba le junction yenziwe ncinci, yileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"small signal diode", kwaye ukuba yenziwe nkulu, yileyo ibizwa ngokuba yi-"power diode". Qhagamshela amaqhina amabini ukusuka ekupheleni ukuya ekupheleni okanye unyawo ukuya kunyawo, kwaye uqhagamshele ucingo kuqhagamshelo ukuze lube yi-triode. Qaphela: Ukuba intloko kunye nephini ziqhagamshelene, akuthethi nto, ziidiode ezimbini kuphela eziqhagamsheleneyo ngokulandelelana. Iimpawu zeetransistors zinzima ngakumbi, kwaye usetyenziso lwazo lwahlukile ngakumbi. Ukudibanisa ezi diode, iitransistors, njl. ngokweemfuno ezahlukeneyo yisekethe edibeneyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi: IC. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu zaseMelika ezasungula i-semiconductor zazisebenzisa le ndlela kwilebhu. Enye yenziwe yaba ngumphezulu othe tyaba, kwaye enye yenziwe yaba yimo yeprobe yaza yacinezelwa ngokuqinileyo kumphezulu womnye ukuze yenze i-PN junction. Imveliso elandelayo emva kwemizi-mveliso ayizange isebenzise le ndlela konke konke. Ukufumana nje iqhekeza lesinyithi elinonyango lomphezulu kunye nokuzidibanisa akuyi kuvelisa le nto. Ngokufanayo, iplastiki kunye nezinye izithinteli aziyi kusebenza, kwaye nezinye izinto aziyi kusebenza. Okwangoku kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba zizinto ezintathu kuphela emhlabeni ezinale propati, i-silicon, i-germanium, kunye ne-compound ebizwa ngokuba yi-gallium arsenide. Ezi zizinto ezibizwa ngokuba zizinto ze-semiconductor. Phakathi kwazo, i-silicon yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu, kuba ukusebenza kwayo kuhambelana neemfuno zehlabathi, kwaye inkqubo yokwenza iimveliso ngayo ilula kwaye ixabisa kancinci. Okwangoku kukho "iSilicon Valley" kuphela kodwa hayi "iGermanium Valley" kunye "neGallium Arsenide Valley". I-silicon ivela phi? isanti! Ngoko ke ishishini le-semiconductor liguqula isanti ibe yigolide. Nangona kunjalo, ndisenombuzo endingekawufumani. Ubomi beemveliso ze-semiconductor "buncinci kakhulu". Kuthetha ukuthini oku? Ngokwethiyori, iphakathi kwesiphelo kunye nesingapheliyo, kodwa ngubani owaziyo ukuba yintoni ephakathi?

5. Ixabiso le-IC Xa sisebenzisana neearhente, uthethwano ngexabiso alunakuphepheka ekugqibeleni. Ngoku ekubeni siqonda ii-semiconductors, singaqonda ukwakheka kweendleko zeemveliso ze-semiconductor, okuya kuba luncedo xa kuxoxwa ngamaxabiso! Ukwenziwa kwe-IC kubandakanya ikakhulu: uphuhliso lwemveliso, imveliso kunye nokucubungula. Uphuhliso lwemveliso kukuyila iimveliso ezihambelanayo ngokweemfuno zemarike, kwaye imveliso kunye nokucubungula kukuguqula iimveliso eziyiliweyo zibe ziimveliso zokwenyani. Ukuveliswa kunye nokucubungula kudla ngokwahlulwahlulwa kwiinkqubo zangaphambili nangasemva. Okubizwa ngokuba yi-front-end kukuvelisa iitships; okubizwa ngokuba yi-back-end kukupakisha, ukuvavanya, kunye nokupakisha iitships zibe ziimveliso zokugqibela. Iindleko zophuhliso ziquka: iindleko zophuhliso lwenkqubo kunye neendleko zophuhliso lwemveliso. Umzekelo, ukuveliswa kwe-IC kufana nokwenza iibhanisi eziphekiweyo. Abanye abapheki bagxile ekwenzeni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeebhanisi ezinezaliso ezahlukeneyo, iimilo, ubungakanani, kunye nemibala ngokweemfuno zabathengi (imfuno yemarike). Abanye abapheki benza iibhanisi eziphekiweyo kuphela, kwaye bayila amaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo, amaxesha, kunye nobungakanani bomphunga ngokweemfuno zeebhanisi ezahlukeneyo ukwenza iibhanisi eziphekiweyo zibe ngokuchanekileyo. I-master yangaphambili ifana nophuhliso lwemveliso ye-IC, kwaye i-master yokugqibela ilingana nophuhliso lwenkqubo ye-IC. Ekubeni iinkonzo zokwenziwa kwe-IC zisanda ngoku, uphuhliso lwenkqubo ludla ngokwenziwa zezi nkampani zokwenziwa kwe-IC. Ziphuhlisa ukuhamba kweenkqubo okuqhelekileyo, ukuze iinkampani ze-IC zigxile kuphela kuphuhliso lwemveliso.

Ngale ndlela, iindleko eziqhelekileyo zophuhliso zikwayindleko zophuhliso lwemveliso. Le nxalenye yeendleko kunye neengozi zotyalo-mali ziphezulu kakhulu. Ezi ngozi zihlala zingaveli kubuchwepheshe ngokwalo kodwa kwimarike, oko kukuthi, nokuba imveliso oyiphuhlisayo iyamkelwa yimarike. Ukuba imveliso ephuhlisiweyo iyamkelwa yimarike. Iindleko zophuhliso ezahlulwe ngentengiso iyonke zihlala zingabalulekanga. Kodwa ukuba ayamkelwa yimarike, ke olu tyalo-mali lufana nokuphoswa emanzini. Kukho into engaqhelekanga. Iimveliso ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obutsha ezininzi zisenokungathandwa ngabathengi, kwaye ezo mveliso zamkelwe yimarike zihlala zigxekwa ngobuchwephesha ngabanye iingcali. Imizekelo yoku iqhelekile. Iindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo ziqulathe kakhulu iindleko zokwenza iitshiphusi kunye neendleko zokupakisha. Ukucubungula iitshiphusi kufana nokomisa iibhanisi. Ukuba amandla kukukhupha iibhanisi ezingama-50 ngexesha, ke nokuba ukhupha ibhanisi enye ngexesha okanye ukhupha iibhanisi ezingama-50, ixabiso liyafana. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba iindleko zokwehla kwexabiso lezixhobo ngumsebenzi wexesha kwaye azinanto yakwenza nemveliso. Ukwehla kwexabiso lokuvelisa iiyunithi ezili-10,000 kunye neeyunithi ezili-100,000 ngexesha elinye kuyafana, kodwa umlinganiselo we-amortization wahlukile ngokuphindwe kalishumi. Ukuba ezinye izinto zilingana, ixabiso liya kwahluka nge-10. Ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokwehla kwexabiso kwizixhobo ze-IC yiminyaka emi-4 (okanye iminyaka emi-5), kwaye ixabiso libiza kakhulu. Iindleko ze-IC zilingana nokusetyenziswa komthamo.

Kwangaxeshanye, ii-IC zenziwa kwii-wafer ze-silicon. Phantsi kwendawo efanayo ye-silicon chip, okukhona indawo encinci ye-IC enye, kokukhona inani le-IC ezikwi-silicon chip likhula. Ii-wafer ze-silicon ezinobukhulu obufanayo ziyilwe ngobubanzi bemigca eyahlukeneyo, kwaye ubungakanani bahluka kakhulu. Iindleko zokucubungula i-wafer nganye ye-silicon ziyafana. Okukhona inani lilikhulu, kokukhona ixabiso le-IC nganye liphantsi. Yiyo loo nto ububanzi bomgca we-IC buncipha kakhulu, kwaye kubonakala ngathi akukho siphelo sibonakalayo. Ukunciphisa iindleko yeyona nto inamandla okuqhuba. Iindleko ze-IC bububanzi bomgca. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ububanzi be-wafer ye-silicon buyanda, indawo yayo iyanda ngokukhawuleza, inani le-IC kwi-wafer ye-silicon liyanda phantse ngokukhawuleza, kwaye izinga lokudlula kwe-chip liyanda ngaxeshanye. Yingakho indawo yee-wafer ze-silicon iqhubekile nokukhula kule minyaka idlulileyo: ii-intshi ezi-5, ii-intshi ezi-6, ii-intshi ezi-8, ii-intshi ezili-12... Ukunciphisa iindleko ze-IC kukunciphisa ubungakanani bee-wafer ze-silicon. Ukunciphisa ubungakanani bephakheji kukwayindlela, engapheleli nje ekufezekiseni iimfuno zeemveliso ze-elektroniki ukuba zibe ncinci kwaye zibe lula, kodwa ikwanciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokupakisha, ingakumbi kwizixhobo zamandla. Ngenxa yobuninzi bokupakisha, iindleko zokupakisha zixabisa inxalenye enkulu yexabiso lemveliso yonke. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izixhobo ziyimali, kwaye ezi ayizozinto eziqhelekileyo.

Ukunciphisa ububanzi bomgca kunye nomthamo kubaluleke kakhulu kwii-IC zedijithali. Ngelixa kunciphisa ubungakanani kunye nobunzima beemveliso ze-elektroniki, kwandisa isantya sokusebenza kwesekethe kwaye kunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kodwa oku akunjalo kwii-IC zamandla. Ngaba ufumanise ukuba ukuthembeka kwe-7805 yangoku akukuhle njengangaphambili? Ewe, ngaphandle kokuba umsinga wayo ophezulu wehla ukusuka kwi-1.5A yokuqala ukuya kwi-1A yangoku, umda wamandla wokuqala wolawulo lwangaphakathi uphantse walahleka njengoko indawo yetshiphu incipha. Ukongeza, ukupakisha kwayo kokuqala yayiyi-TO-3 yesinyithi, kwaye kamva yayiyiplastiki + isinyithi i-TO-220. Ngoku uninzi lwazo ziyi-TO-220F yeplastiki, enciphisa ubunzima, ubungakanani, kunye neendleko. Iya kusilela ngoko nangoko xa igcwele kakhulu. Ke ngoko, ukuba usayila iimveliso ngokwemikhwa yakho yokuqala, kuya kuba lula ukufumana iingxaki. Phantse zonke izixhobo zamandla, kubandakanya ii-IC, ii-transistors (ii-MOSFET, ii-transistors ze-bipolar, ii-diodes), njl.njl., zineengxaki ezinjalo. Ngaphambili, umenzi wayekunika isalathisi kwaye washiya umda othile kuso. Ngoku ikunika isalathisi sokwenyani. Akukho margin. Kufuneka ugcine margin ngokwakho! Ngaphandle koko ukhetha xxxxA, okanye okungcono xxxxB. Kakade ke, amaxabiso nawo anyukile. Igama elihle: ukuqala izinto ezintsha; igama elibi: ukusika iikona!

6. Ukukhethwa kweMveliso Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba ukuthengwa kwemveliso yeyona nto iphambili ekulawuleni iindleko kunye nokuxoxisana, kodwa andicingi njalo. Enyanisweni, isiseko solawulo lweendleko asikho ezandleni zomthengi. Xa i-BOM isezandleni zomthengi, sele iphekiwe, kwaye yinto eqinisekileyo. Ubulumko babathengi buyinto nje ebaluleke kakhulu. Isitshixo solawulo lwamaxabiso sikwi-R&D. Ukuba ufuna ukuphuhlisa okanye ukuhlaziya iimveliso, zeziphi iimveliso (iinxalenye) omele uzikhethe kwaye kubani? Imisela ixabiso leemveliso ezigqityiweyo zexesha elizayo. Ndicinga ukuba ukhetho lwemveliso kufuneka luzame ukuxhomekeka kwiimveliso ezinemveliso eninzi kunye namaxabiso akhuphisanayo ngokupheleleyo kwimarike. Izixhobo zamandla, ii-microcontrollers, ii-interface circuits, ii-even relay, ii-sensors, njl. zonke zinokusetyenziselwa ukubhekisa, kubandakanya iithelevishini, iikhompyutha, iitablets, ii-air conditioners, ii-induction cookers, ii-remote controls, iibhayisekile zombane, ii-vacuum cleaners, iimitha zombane, iimitha zamanzi, ii-wireless routers, ii-computer monitors, ii-printers kunye nezinye iimveliso zedijithali njalo njalo. Zeziphi izinto abazisebenzisayo? Ukuba ezi zinto zinokwenza, kufuneka uzikhethe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Kutheni? Ngenxa yokuba ezi mveliso ziveliswa ngobuninzi, zinobuzwe obukhulu kumaxabiso. Ukuba ukusebenza kweendleko akuphezulu kwaye umgangatho awuthembekanga ngokwaneleyo, aziyi kusetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwimeko enjalo, akukho mfuneko yokuba sifumane enye indlela. Nangona singenakukwazi ukufumana ixabiso elifanayo kwaba bavelisi, ixabiso elipheleleyo lezi ntlobo kufuneka libe lelona likhuphisanayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yobuninzi, kuya kubakho abavelisi abaninzi bokuqala ababonelela ngeemveliso ezifanayo okanye ezihambelanayo, ngoko ke ngaba ukubonelela kunye nexabiso aziyi kuqinisekiswa ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo? Nje ukuba unetshiphusi ekujoliswe kuyo, ngumbuzo wokuba ukhetha bani. Musa ukujongela phantsi ukuba ukhethe bani. Ukhetha bani oya kugqiba ukuba uza kuthenga bani iimveliso kwixesha elizayo. Ekubeni umzi-mveliso wokuqala udla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokubhalisa yolawulo lweearhente, oko kukuthi, xa umthengi kunye nearhente befikelela kwisivumelwano, umthengi ubhalisiwe njengomthengi wearhente. Okwangoku, ezinye iiarhente azisenakubonelela ngeenkonzo kunye neemveliso kulo mthengi ngaphandle kweemeko ezikhethekileyo. Ngokufanayo, lo mthengi akanakufumana omnye ummeli onokubonelela ngeemveliso kunye neenkonzo. Ngamafutshane, xa omabini amaqela eqinisekisile injongo yawo yokusebenzisana, umthengi uba ngumthengi wearhente ethile. Ke ngoko, kufuneka uqaphele ukuba ukhetha bani imveliso. Kungcono ukuyishiya le ngxaki ekuthengeni. Ngokubanzi, bayazi ngcono kuneenjineli ze-R&D, kwaye ikwaluxanduva lwabo.

Lumka: Kuthetha ukuthini ukufikelela kwisivumelwano? Ngamanye amaxesha ucinga ukuba ndisandula ukubonisana ne-FAE yale arhente ngemiba ethile yobuchwephesha, kwaye ulwazi endilucelileyo lungaphakathi konxibelelwano kodwa aluzange luqinisekise intsebenziswano yexesha elizayo. Kutheni ndibhaliswe njengomthengi wale arhente? Kodwa iarhente isenokungakuboni ngolu hlobo. Ukunike iinkonzo, kwaye awungomthengi wezinye iiarhente. Ewe, ungumthengi wakhe, kwaye ii-odolo zexesha elizayo zinokubekwa apha kuphela. Ke ngoko, ngamanye amaxesha omabini amaqela kufuneka anikele ingqalelo aze azame ukuchaza izinto kwangaphambili ukuze kuthintelwe ukungacaci nokwenza wonke umntu angonwabi kwixesha elizayo. Umthengi unesimo sengqondo esihle. Xa engagqibanga ukuba yeyiphi iarhente aza kusebenzisana nayo kwixesha elizayo, unxibelelwano akufuneki lube nzulu kakhulu ukuze kuthintelwe ukungaqondani. Ewe, amanye ama-arhente nawo kufuneka abe nesisa ngakumbi. Ukuba ayigqithisi kangako, ungakhathazeki ngayo. Abathengi banokuqhagamshelana nomvelisi wokuqala ngqo, kodwa ukuba ayingomthengi omkhulu ngokwaneleyo, umenzi wokuqala uhlala ezisa umthengi kwiarhente yakhe. Cinga ngayo, vumela umenzi wokuqala acebise iarhente, okanye uyifumane ngokwakho ngokuthe ngqo? I-Dayuan Factory idla ngokuba noluhlu olude lweearhente. Zineeofisi namasebe phantse kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngubani endifanele ndimjonge? Imeko yearhente nganye yahlukile, kwaye iindlela zokuthengisa kunye namaqhinga nazo zahlukile kakhulu. Abanye batyebile kakhulu, bajika izandla zabo zibe ngamafu nemvula, kwaye banomdla wokwenza izivumelwano ezinkulu nokwenza izivumelwano ezinkulu. Abanye banomdla wokugxila kwiindawo ezithile ezithile, benethemba lokuba yinkokeli kweli candelo kwaye bahlale kwesi sithathu kwisithathu seehektare. Ukuba ii-odolo zexesha elizayo zikhulu, amandla emali earhente nawo aya kuvavanywa. Ukuba akukho ngxaki injalo, kufuneka ucinge ngearhente enemveliso ezizinikeleyo nezingobungcali kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa. Iiarhente zobungcali zihlala zikwazi ukunika iingcebiso zobungcali. Umzekelo: ezinye izixhobo ezinamandla aphezulu zibiza kancinci kunezixhobo ezinamandla aphantsi. ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba inabathengi abaninzi bale modeli kwaye inempahla eninzi, ixabiso lingcono ngokwenene. Ngamanye amaxesha, iiarhente ziya kubakhokela abathengi abanamandla aphantsi ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zakhe ezinamandla aphezulu. Kubasebenzisi, kutheni ungakhethi izixhobo zamandla aphezulu ngexabiso elifanayo okanye eliphantsi? Ixabiso liluncedo, ukuthembeka kuphezulu, kwaye ulawulo lwezinto ezikhoyo nalo lulula. Kummeli, ngale ndlela inzuzo yakhe yokufumana iimpahla inokomelezwa ngakumbi, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, umngcipheko wempahla ungancitshiswa (okukhona iintlobo zimbalwa, kokukhona umngcipheko wempahla uphantsi).

Kakade ke, kukho elinye inqaku leearhente. Ungasifumana phi esinye isixhobo esinjalo kunye nexabiso elinjalo ngaphandle kwam? Ndiza kubambelela kwesi sithathu seehektare zomhlaba. Nceda abanye nawe, wonke umntu wonwabile! (Uxolo, ngoku kudla ngokuba yi "win-win") Ukuze ugcine lo mhlaba weehektare ezintathu, iarhente nayo isebenze nzima yaza yachitha imali eyaneleyo. I-FAE eyaneleyo neyobuchwephesha idla ngokuba yindlela yabo ephambili. Ewe, le yinzuzo kubathengi. I-FAE yobungcali inokubonelela ngeenkonzo zobugcisa zasimahla zobuchwephesha zokuphucula imveliso kunye nophuhliso. Ukusuka kuyilo lwesalathiso ukuya kwiTotal Solutions. Ukuba kukho naziphi na iingxaki kwimveliso, sihlala sikhona kwaye singazisombulula ngokukhawuleza. Ungaba njani nokukhetha ngakumbi malunga nenqanaba elinjalo lenkonzo? Ngenxa yohlobo oluhlanganisiweyo, ezi arhente zigcwele kakhulu. Zihlala zibeka iiodolo ezingasekelwanga kwiiodolo zabathengi ezivela kwifektri yokuqala, kodwa ngokusekelwe kuqikelelo lwemfuno yabathengi. Ngamanye amaxesha, ziya kusebenzisa nexabiso elihle ukufumana iqela leempahla ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokubonelela kunye nemfuno yefektri yokuqala. Ngale ndlela, izicelo zabathengi zeempahla ziqinisekisiwe nangaliphi na ixesha. Ukubonelela okuqinisekisiweyo kunye nokuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha kubaluleke kakhulu kum kunexabiso. Amava afanayo akhona ngee-microcontrollers (ii-MCU) (lumka, oomatshini be-8-bit banamhlanje badla ngokuba nexabiso eliphantsi kuneoomatshini be-4-bit).

Iiarhente zibonelela ngeetships ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhaya. Ungakhetha itships enye okanye ezimbini ezinememori enkulu kunye neendawo ezininzi zokunxibelelana ukuze ziphathe zonke iimveliso. Lungiselela i-PCB edibeneyo kwaye ubhale ngokutsha iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ufuna ne-interface yokuguqula i-A/D, ixabiso le-microcontroller ene-interface ye-A/D lahlukile ngokupheleleyo. Yintoni omawuyenze? Ngethamsanqa, ukuba ukuchaneka kokuguqulwa akuphezulu, i-FAE yearhente iya kucebisa isekethe encinci enokulinganisa i-interface ye-A/D enamacandelo amathathu, kwaye le ngxaki iya kusonjululwa. Ndingenza ntoni ukuba imveliso ikhethekile kwaye andikwazi ukufumana imveliso yesalathiso okwethutyana? Kukho umgaqo: xa ukhetha imveliso, zama ukuziqhelanisa nemveliso endaweni yokuvumela imveliso ukuba ivumelane nam. Ithetha ukuthini? Xa ukhetha iimodeli, ungaqhagamshelana neearhente ezininzi kwaye umamele iintshayelelo zazo ze-FAE kunye neSales. Ukuba ufuna ukukhetha i-MOSFET, ungafumanisa ukuba zeziphi iimodeli eziphambili nezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngaphakathi koluhlu lwesicelo olufunekayo? Ukuba iiparameter eziphambili ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zesicelo kodwa ezinye iiparameter azilunganga, ungacinga ngeendlela zokwenza utshintsho oluthile? Umzekelo: ukuba umsinga wokuvuza mkhulu kwaye ukumelana nokungangeni mkhulu, qala ubone ukuba unokoyiswa na? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukulungisa isekethe ukuze ihambelane nesi sixhobo sijoliswe kuso? Kuluhlu olude lwemveliso yefektri yokuqala, kukho izixhobo ezininzi ezijoliswe kwiimarike ezithile zangaphandle kunye nabathengi abathile. Azicetyiswa kwimarike yaseTshayina kwaye azisetyenziswa rhoqo ngabathengi.

Ukuba ucinga ukuba kulula kakhulu kwisicelo sakho kwaye ukhethe le modeli, uya kuhlala uneengxaki ezingapheliyo. Kungathatha iiveki ezininzi ukufaka isicelo seesampuli. Ngenxa yokuba umenzi wokuqala akacebisi ngayo, ayifumaneki kwilayibrari yesampuli kwaye i-FAE ayinayo esandleni. Ii-odolo ze-PP zinzima ngakumbi. Ukuba ubungakanani obuncinci be-odolo (MOQ) abufikelelwa, ngaba iarhente iza kujongana nobungakanani obongezelelweyo okanye uza kuyigcina? Ukuba i-PP ayihambi kakuhle kwaye kufuneka enye i-PP kodwa ubungakanani obubongezelelweyo bokuqala busalahlekile, kuya kuba nzima nangakumbi. Ewe, i-PP idlulile ekugqibeleni, kwaye ingxaki ye-MP ivele. I-Forecast kufuneka ichaneke kwaye i-PO ayinakutshintshwa. Kunzima kubathengi bangoku ukwenza oku. Kulungile, nokuba uyakwenza. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingxaki ngokuhanjiswa kwefektri yokuqala, kuya kuba sisikhalo sokungaphenduli yonke imihla, kunye nesikhalo sokungaphumeleli! Ndingayifumana phi imithombo yeempahla kunye nezinye izinto? Ngubani onokukunceda? Ukuba ulinda de kube sekupheleni konyaka ukuze uxoxisane ngamaxabiso, ungaxoxisana njani ngokuthenga? Kulihlazo elikhulu kwiarhente ukugcina ixabiso lokuqala, kuba zona sele zitshisiwe! Xa iimpahla zifika, abathengi abazithathi ngexesha; xa impahla ingekho, abathengi bayakhala baze bakhalaze. Ngubani onokunyamezela? Ke ngoko, ukukhethwa kwezixhobo ze-R&D kubaluleke kakhulu xa kuphuculwa kwaye kuphuhliswa iimveliso. Ukukhetha iimveliso "ezithandwayo" kuya kufumana isiphumo esiphindwe kabini ngesiqingatha somzamo. Nje ukuba ukhethe imodeli, uya kukwazi ukuthenga kwixesha elizayo ngokulula; kungenjalo, kuya kuba nzima ukuphuma.

Ukuba kukho umntu ocinga ukuba ukunciphisa iindleko kukucothisa intlawulo ngokuthenga nangokudlala ngamaqhinga, ngoko ke uya kujongelwa phantsi ngokwenene. Kungcono kakhulu ukuba nombono obanzi kangaka, uzincede, kwaye uhlonitshwe ngabanye abantu.

Ixabiso kunye nexabiso leemveliso ngokubanzi Xa sisebenzisana neearhente, akunakuphepheka ukuxoxisana ngexabiso ekugqibeleni. Ngoku ekubeni siziqondile iimveliso ze-semiconductor kunye nokwakheka kweendleko zazo, masibuyele kwishishini. Siyaqonda ukuba ixabiso lemveliso limiselwa yimarike endaweni yexabiso elibizwa ngokuba yindleko (ngaphandle kweemveliso ezizodwa). Nokuba siyaqonda ixabiso lale mveliso kwaye sinalo nombono wayo, akukho mfuneko yokuyikhankanya xa sixoxa ngexabiso, kuba ixabiso lelomchasi kwaye alinanto yakwenza nawe! Utshilo, kodwa elinye iqela alonelisekanga. Ixabiso lemarike lemveliso yi-1 yuan. Nokuba ixabiso liyi-1 cent kuphela, akayi kukuthengisa ngeesenti ezili-9. Kwelinye icala, ukuba ixabiso lakhe liyi-2 yuan, ubungayi kumyalela nge-2 yuan ngobudenge. Isizathu silula, imakethi imisela ixabiso kwaye ayinanto yakwenza nexabiso. Ngubani esifanele sithenge imveliso enexabiso lemarike le-1 yuan, iarhente? Umrhwebi? Kwimveliso enexabiso eliyi-1 yuan kwimarike, singazama ixabiso leesenti ezi-9, iisenti ezi-8, iisenti ezi-9, okanye ngaphantsi?

Ndicinga ukuba singaqala ngokwahlulahlula izinto ekufuneka zithengwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: injongo ngokubanzi kunye nenjongo ekhethekileyo. Okubizwa ngokuba yi-universal kubhekisa kwezinye iimveliso eziveliswa ngabavelisi abaninzi ezinokuba zezomhlaba wonke kwaye zihambelane. Ezifana nezi: uthotho lwe-78xx, uthotho lwe-logic lwe-74xxxx, kunye nezinye ii-amplifiers ezisebenzayo, ii-voltage comparators, ii-MOSFET, ii-diode, ii-transistors, njl. Iimpawu zezi mveliso zezi: ixabiso eliphantsi, ukuguquguquka okunamandla, kunye nabavelisi abaninzi. Ukuthenga ezi mveliso, ndicinga ukuba kungcono ukuthenga kubathengisi. Abathengisi ekubhekiselwe kubo apha babhekisa kwiinkampani ezinesikali esithile, isixa esikhulu sempahla ye-spot, kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuthengisa emva kokuthengisa, okufanayo ngezantsi. (Abanye abathengisi okwangoku bancinci ngomlinganiselo kwaye ngokusisiseko abanayo impahla ye-spot kwaye bahlala bekhangela iimpahla ngokusekelwe kwii-odolo zabathengi. Ubukho bezi nkampani kufuneka bube nengqiqo kunye nexabiso lazo. Ndingawasebenzisa njani amandla azo ukuze ndizuze? Siza kuxoxa ngayo kamva.) Ungazama ukufumana iarhente ene-odolo ye-7805 1kK kwaye ubone ukuba bayakwamkela ngoncumo. Ngoba? Kuba nokuba eli shishini lingaqaliswa ngempumelelo, i-1KK iya kubiza malunga ne-100K ngenyanga ngokomndilili. Nokuba ixabiso leyunithi liyi-$0.10, lishishini leedola zaseMelika ezili-10,000. Ukuba kukho inzuzo epheleleyo ye-5%, iya kubiza kuphela i-3,000 RMB.

Makhe sijonge le arhente kwakhona. Okokuqala, kufuneka benze iiForecasts zabavelisi bokuqala. Kwezi mveliso zingenamxholo wobugcisa, ixabiso eliphantsi, kwaye "zingafumani" mali, abavelisi bokuqala badla ngokuzabela. IiForecasts ezenziwe ziiarhente zihlala zivaliwe. Imela enye; ekugqibeleni ndikwazile ukuyiguqula ibe yi-PO, kwaye umzi-mveliso wokuqala awuyi kuqinisekisa ixesha lokuhanjiswa kwakho. Nokuba kunjalo, xa uyifumana kwinkqubo, uya kuba ulungele ukukhupha isatifikethi kwaye uthabathe iimpahla; ukuba ilibazisekile kwinkqubo, akufuneki uyikhawulezise. Nokuba undicenga, akukho mntu uya kukukhathalela. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufika kwangethuba, kufuneka uyithwale uyibeke kwindawo yokugcina impahla. Le nto inzima kwaye ithatha indawo. Xa ndifika emva kwexesha, abathengi beza kundikhumbuza yonke imihla kwaye bandisongela ngamanye amaxesha. Ekugqibeleni kunokwenzeka ukuthumela iimpahla, kodwa umthengi ufuna uthumele i-courier kuba umgca wemveliso uphuze kakhulu. Owu Thixo wam, le nto ingathunyelwa njani ngokuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza? Kodwa akukho ndlela yimbi, ngubani oza kufika emva kwexesha? Ekugqibeleni, xa ifikelela kumthengi, kusekho iintsuku ezingama-30 nama-60 zokulinda intlawulo yenyanga. Ngeli xesha lide, amaxabiso nawo aya kutshintsha. Ukuba ixabiso lemarike liyanyuka, abathengi baya kuthi, "Kukho isivumelwano kuqala, kwaye siza kusenza ngokwesivumelwano." Ukuba ixabiso liyehla, abathengi baya kuthi, "Inkokeli yethu ithe, ngoku ixabiso liphantsi, ndimele ndenze ntoni?" Ndingawuhlawula ityala ngexabiso lokuqala? Emva kwalo mjikelo, ukuba usenokufumana i-10 okanye i-8 yuan kwi-3,000 yuan, uya kuba nethamsanqa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimali. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuba izinto azihambi kakuhle, baya kulibala ngelahleko kwaye bahlala benengxaki enkulu ngabathengi. Nangona iiarhente zisebenze nzima, zilibazise imveliso, kwaye ukuba iinkokeli ziyabagxeka, ngaba abathengi baya kubajonga kakuhle? Ukuba awufumani nokuba ngabahlobo ekugqibeleni, kukulahlekelwa ngakumbi kunokuba yinzuzo. Ngubani onokuthwala le ntlungu? Kwezi mveliso ziqhelekileyo, iiarhente zizimisele ngakumbi ukujongana nabathengisi kunye nabarhwebi. Ekuqaleni konyaka, ndenze iForecast ye-xxxKK ndaza ndalinda umenzi wokuqala ukuba angenelele ndize ndiyithumele kwi-PO. Ukuba iimpahla azifumanekanga, abarhwebi bebengayi kundingxamela. Nokuba kunjalo, babenesitokhwe okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhoyo. Xa iimpahla zifika, nditsalele umnxeba kwaye baya kulungiselela ukuzithatha, kwaye imali iya kuhlawulwa. Yiza ngesandla esinye uhambe nesinye, nokuba yinqaku elinye okanye amabini aya kwenza imali. Ukuba umthengi wokugqibela ufumana iarhente, bazimisele ngakumbi ukwazisa umthengi kubathengisi babo kunye nabarhwebi, kwaye wonke umntu uyavuya. Kwifektri yokuqala, kutheni beqhubeka nokuvelisa ukuba ayenzi mali? Ndicinga ukuba isizathu esiphambili kukuba abanye abathengi abasebenzisa iitships zabo eziphambili kunye neetships ezinkulu bayazifuna ezi chips. Ukuyeka ukunikezelwa kwezi chips ezincedisayo kunokulahlekelwa ngaba bathengi; kodwa esona sizathu siphambili kukuba: ukuveliswa kweemveliso ze-semiconductor kufuna "ibhalansi", oko kukuthi, kukho imveliso emiselweyo yenyanga.

Kwaye imfuno yemarike inexesha elithile lonyaka, elibizwa ngokuba lixesha lokungabikho kwexesha kunye nexesha eliphezulu. Xa ii-odolo zemveliso zinganelanga, umzi-mveliso wokuqala uya kufuna ezi mveliso ziguquguqukayo nezininzi ukuze uzizalise. Yingakho ezi mveliso zihlala zi-odolwa ngaphandle kokwazi ixesha elichanekileyo lokuhanjiswa. Kubathengisi kunye nabarhwebi, banokuthwala iimpawu ezi-3, ezi-4 okanye ezingaphezulu ngexesha elinye. Ezi mveliso zifumaneka ngokubanzi kwaye zingasetyenziswa yindlu nganye. Aziyiki imisebenzi esemva, kwaye uninzi lweentsuku zokutshintsha zinde. Nokuba leliphi ixesha kunye nevenkile engabizi kakhulu, ndiza kuthenga naluphi na uhlobo. Ngoko ke banempahla eninzi kwaye amaxesha amaninzi amaxabiso angcono. Ewe kona, xa uthenga, unokufumana abarhwebi abahlukeneyo abahlukeneyo ukuze uthelekise amaxabiso. Awuyi kulahlekelwa ngokuthenga ngeenxa zonke. Kwanomrhwebi omnye unokujonga ukuba kukho umahluko kumaxabiso eempawu ezahlukeneyo? Kutheni uxhalabele ukungafumani ixabiso elifanelekileyo? Nangona kunjalo, mna ngokwam ndivakalelwa kukuba akunamsebenzi ukuthelekisa kuphela ngexabiso, kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ziyafana. Kwanele ukujonga inkonzo kunye nodumo lwenkampani kunye nokujolisa kwinkampani enye okanye ezimbini. Intsebenziswano yexesha elide yenza wonke umntu akhululeke kwaye onwabe. Ixabiso libalulekile. Awunakwenza nantoni na oyifunayo. Kaloku, oku kubonisa umgangatho womsebenzi wakho kunye nobuchule bakho, kunye nokuthenjwa ngumphathi wakho kunye neenkokheli. Kodwa musa ukuthabatheka kakhulu. Ukuba kukho iingxaki ngomgangatho okanye ukuhanjiswa komthengisi, inzuzo encinci oyenzileyo iya kucinywa ngaphandle komkhondo. Kuzilimaza kwaye akulunganga nakwinkampani.

8. Ixabiso kunye neXabiso leeMveliso zeNjongo eKhethekileyo Ndithetha ukuthini ngemveliso ezinikeleyo (IC)? Enyanisweni, andazi ukuba ndingayichaza njani mna. Kakade ke, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kudla ngokuba yinto ethile, efana: iitships zeTV zeLCD, iitships zekhompyutha zethebhulethi, iitships zebhokisi ezibekwe phezulu, njl. Kodwa oku akuphelelanga apho. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-microcontrollers kunye neetships zeDSP zineendawo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa, kodwa sihlala sizihlela njengeetships zenjongo eKhethekileyo. Iiarhente aziyi kucaphula ezinye iitships ngaphandle kokucoca ulwazi lomthengi. Abasebenzisi bezi chips abayi kuzinika iiarhente ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa ngumvelisi wokuqala. Ndivakalelwa kukuba ezi kufuneka zibe ziitships ezikhethekileyo esihlala sizikhankanya. Ixabiso leesekethe ezidibeneyo ngokubanzi lahlulwe ngeendleko zokuvelisa, iindleko zophuhliso kunye neendleko zokuthengisa, kodwa eneneni zonke ezi ziiakhawunti ezididayo. Nokuba kunjalo, zeziphi iiakhawunti ezixelwayo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo. Ukuba isekethe edibeneyo yenziwe ngumvelisi ngokwakhe, ukwehla kwexabiso lezixhobo kubala uninzi lweendleko zokuvelisa. Kodwa esi sixhobo asivelisi kuphela le mveliso. Ungayabela njani ngokufanelekileyo le nxalenye yexabiso? Ukongeza kwii-silicon wafers, amanye amanzi, umbane, kunye negesi nazo ziyabelwana. Ukuba amandla okuvelisa agcwele, kulungile. Ukuba amandla okuvelisa angaphezulu, ngubani oza kuthwala iindleko zenxalenye eseleyo? Haha, le ayiyomali incinci.

Kakade ke, ukuba itshiphu kunye nephakheji zithunyelwe ngaphandle, ke ukubalwa kweendleko zokuvelisa kulula kakhulu. Nokuba kunjalo, ixabiso lokucubungula labanye lixabiso lokuvelisa le-IC. Iindleko zophuhliso zezona zimbi kakhulu ukuzithetha. Umbuzo olula ngulo, ngaba imivuzo kasihlalo kunye ne-CEO ithathwa njengeendleko zophuhliso? Nokuba kunjalo, le bhasikithi inokuqulatha nantoni na oyifunayo. Ukuya nzulu ngakumbi, ukuba iindleko zophuhliso zingumrhumo omiselweyo, ke ingakanani ixabiso elabelwana ngayo yi-IC nganye? Uphuhliso lwemveliso luza kuqala, kwaye intengiso iza kamva. Oku kunzima ukukutsho. Ukuba kukho ubungakanani obujoliswe kubo xa imveliso iphuhliswa, kodwa kumjikelo wobomi ukususela ekuqaleni kwentengiso ukuya ekuphelisweni kokugqibela kwemveliso, inani lokwenyani lentengiso liya kuba yiminyaka eliqela kamva (ewe, ngamanye amaxesha ziinyanga ezininzi), kwaye ubukhulu bolu tshintsho lobungakanani bukhulu kakhulu. Umahluko phakathi kwesigidi esi-1 kunye nezigidi ezili-10 uphindwe kalishumi. Ke ngoko, ukuba umthengisi uxoxa ngexabiso nawe kwaye azigwagwise ngokuba zingakanani iindleko zophuhliso lwakhe, ingqondo yakho inokuzulazula kwaye icinge ngamazwi akudala: hleka. Akukapheli ixesha lokuba ubuyele ezingqondweni xa ixabiso lixoxiswana.

Iindleko zokuthengisa nazo ziyinxalenye enkulu, kuquka ukuthengisa kwangaphambili kunye nokuthengisa emva koko. Ngaphambili, usetyenziso lwe-IC lwalulula, kwaye iinjineli zezicelo zabavelisi zazikwazi ukuzisingatha ngokwazo. Kule mihla, ii-IC ziyaphuhla ziye kwinqanaba lenkqubo. Ukongeza kwi-hardware, zikwanxulumene kakhulu nesoftware kwanesoftware yomntu wesithathu. Abathengi abasanelisekanga ziindlela ezilula zoyilo kodwa bafuna iseti epheleleyo yezisombululo zesicelo. Oku kungaphaya kwamandla abavelisi be-IC ngokwabo. Kufuneka basebenzisane neenkampani zoyilo zobuchwephesha zamaqela esithathu ukuze bahlangabezane neemfuno zabathengi, kwaye bade bafune ukuthenga isoftware yomntu wesithathu efanelekileyo ukuze bayinike abathengi simahla. Inkonzo yasemva kokuthengisa nayo ibiza kakhulu. Ukuba abathengi baneengxaki emva kokusebenzisa imveliso, nokuba sisiphi na isizathu, umenzi we-IC uhlala engowokuqala ukuqhagamshelwa. Babecinga ukuba umzi-mveliso wokuqala unokuwusingatha. Enyanisweni, oku akunjalo. Ekubeni uvavanyo ludla ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle (ubuncinci ukuvavanya isoftware kukuthunyelwa ngaphandle), uhlalutyo lokusilela kwemveliso alulula. Ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo lwemveliso yomzi-mveliso ludla ngokugqiba kuphela ukuba lufanelekile okanye alufanelekile, akukho mntu waziyo ukuba zeziphi iiparameter ezithile ezingafanelekanga. Ukuba kukho iingxaki zenkqubo ezibandakanyekayo, umenzi ngokwakhe akasoze akwazi ukuzisombulula, kwaye kuya kubakho iindleko ezongezelelweyo.

Nangona utyalo-mali kwimveliso nganye ye-IC ukusuka kuphuhliso ukuya ekungeneni kokugqibela kwimarike lukhulu, nokuba kwenzeka ntoni na, siyaqhubeka sigxininisa ukuba ixabiso leemveliso ze-monopoly zemarike kuphela elinxulumene "neendleko", ezifana: ipetroli, umbane, amanzi epompo, njl. Kuphela ngalo lonke ixesha "belungisa" amaxabiso kungenxa yokuba "iindleko" ziyanyuka. Akukho budlelwane phakathi kwamaxabiso eemveliso ezithengiswa ngokupheleleyo kunye neendleko. Amaxabiso ezinto anyukile, amaxabiso amandla anyukile, kwaye amaxabiso abasebenzi anyukile. Ngaba ukhe wawabona amaxabiso omabonwakude, iikhompyutha, oomatshini bokuhlamba kunye neefriji enyuka? Uninzi lweemveliso ze-semiconductor (ngaphandle: amakhadi othutho ahlukeneyo, amakhadi ezonyango, kunye namakhadi ahlukeneyo afunekayo ebomini, emsebenzini, nakwishishini) ziimveliso ezithengiswa ngokupheleleyo. Ixabiso leemveliso ze-semiconductor linokonyuswa kuphela ngokuqikelela, kungekhona ngokunyuka. Ixabiso le-IC livela phi? Ixabiso leemveliso ngokubanzi lihlala limiselwa yimarike; ixabiso leemveliso ezizodwa lihlala limiselwa ngabakhuphisana nabo. Umzekelo: Iimodyuli ze-IGBT zee-inverter air conditioners zibonelelwa ngokusisiseko ziinkampani ezimbini, kwaye zikhuphisana nabo. Amaxabiso okuthengisa eemveliso aya kuhambelana ngokusisiseko nesalathiso somnye nomnye.

Unganika ingqalelo, kukho imizekelo emininzi ejikeleze le ndawo. Kubalulekile ukuyiqonda le nto! Injongo ephambili yokuxoxisana ngeendleko kunye namaxabiso kukunciphisa amaxabiso. Fumana indlela elungileyo kwaye uqale ukunciphisa kancinci. Abanye abahlobo bacinga ukuba ixabiso leemveliso ngokubanzi kulula ukuxoxisana nokunqumla. Ngenxa yokuba kukho ababoneleli abaninzi kunye nokhuphiswano oluqatha, kulula ukuba abalobi bazuze. Ababoneleli beemveliso ezikhethekileyo badla ngokuba ngumntu omnye okanye ababini kuphela. Banokuqondana okuthe cwaka omnye nomnye kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuxoxisana ngexabiso! Nangona kunjalo, imvakalelo yam ichasene ngqo.

Ukuba yiarhente yobungcali ye-IC yophawu oludumileyo kukusukela iingcali ezininzi zokuthengisa ze-IC, ukuseka umfanekiso olungileyo weshishini lenkampani (imisebenzi, ezezimali, njl.njl.); ukuqinisekisa ishishini elizinzileyo kunye nenzuzo; ukuqesha abantu ababalaseleyo bokuthengisa, njl.njl. Iingenelo ziyathetha zona. Ungaba njani yiarhente enjalo ngokukhawuleza? Andihlekisi ngabom. Enyanisweni, andazi. Andinampendulo kulo mbuzo. Ukuba bendikuxelele, kufuneka ukuba ndiyakuxokisa, kungenjalo bendiya...

Kwivenkile yeencwadi kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya, iTV yomboniso idla ngokudlala umjikelo womntu ofundisa ngolawulo lweshishini kunye nolawulo. Isandi kunye neemvakalelo ziyaxubana, kwaye kuyachukumisa kakhulu ukuyimamela. Kodwa xa ndingena kwinqwelo-moya ndazola ndaza ndacinga ngayo, kwabonakala ngathi oku bekungenjalo konke konke. Badla ngokubabiza ngokuba ngabahlohli, kodwa abafane babe ngabahlohli. Isizathu silula ngolo hlobo. Okokuqala, oosomashishini abanalo ixesha eliseleyo. Okwesibini, oosomashishini abanalo ixesha lokufumana imali. Banokuba nalo njani ixesha lokucinga ngokwenza imali? Kakade ke, kukwakho oosomashishini abapapasha iincwadi kwaye banike iintetho. Nangona kunjalo, ngaba uyakholelwa kumabali abo empumelelo kunye namava abo? Andikholelwa nokuba kunjalo! Kutshanje, ndidibene nomqhubi womzi-mveliso wokuqala waseYurophu ndaza ndathetha ngemarike yaseTshayina. Iingcinga zakhe, ukuqonda, kunye neemfuno zakhe zibonakala ngathi zisikhuthaza. Le yinkampani yetekhnoloji yeaudio yaseYurophu esekwe kakuhle engagcini nje ngokuvumela itekhnoloji enelungelo lobunikazi kodwa ikwavelisa nee-IC. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekuhlukaniseni amaza, ukuhambisa, ukwandisa, njl.njl. kwesandi sangaphambi kwesandi, kwaye isetyenziswa kwiimakrofoni, kwii-mixers, nakwii-preamplifiers. Babengasakwazi ukuyibamba imakethi enkulu yaseTshayina. Ekuqaleni babesebenzisa iarhente yaphesheya ukuthengisa nokuthengisa kwilizwekazi, kodwa baqonda ukuba elinye iqela sele lingaphaya kwamandla abo, baza baqonda kancinci kancinci: Kukho abantu abathetha isiTshayina kwaye banokwenza izinto zesiTshayina. AmaTshayina aphesheya, amaTaiwan, amaHong Kong, amaMainland, njl. bonke baneendlela zabo zoshishino, kwaye amaMainland kufuneka abaluleke ngakumbi kubathengi bamazwekazi.

Ngenxa yoko, baqala ukucinga ngokufuna iiarhente "ezingoochwephesha" kwilizwekazi laseTshayina. Zithini imigangatho yabo yokuthandana ngokungaqhelekanga? Iarhente ayinakuba nkulu kakhulu. Kaloku, le IC inobungcali kwaye imakethi yezicelo incinci. Iarhente enkulu kakhulu ayinakukwazi ukunyamekela ishishini elincinci kangaka. Kakade ke, ayinakuba ncinci kakhulu. Kaloku, abasebenzi abathile kunye nokhuseleko lwezemali kusafuneka. Phakathi kwabo, leyo ingaze iphuncuke yeyona ilungileyo. Okwangoku, kufuneka sisebenze kweli candelo lezicelo kwaye sibe nenkxaso yobungcali yezicelo. Ukuba ungaziphuhlisa okanye uziphuhlise ngokubambisana izicelo, oko kuya kuba yinto emnandi kakhulu. Isizathu sabo sicacile, oko kukuthi, ngamaqabane, banokuqonda ngoko nangoko imakethi: Ingakanani amandla eli shishini? Ngoobani abadlali abaphambili (ababoneleli, abathengi)? Yintoni eyona nto iphambili kumthengi, umgangatho, ixabiso, inkonzo yobugcisa? Sesiphi isisombululo esilula ukungena kuso, kwaye singandiswa njani emva kokungena? Ngaba kukho iindlela zokuthengisa kwindawo ukuze kuncedwe ngoko nangoko ukwandisa imakethi yemveliso?

Umgangatho wawulula kwaye ungekho phezulu, kodwa ubunzima bokwenyani budlule oko babekulindele. Kukho iingcebiso ezininzi, kodwa iiarhente nabathengisi "abangoochwephesha" abanjalo banqabile. Kufanele ukuba zikhona, kodwa abakafumani okwangoku. Emva kokutshintshiselana, ndibonakala ngathi ndinolwazi oluthile. ewe! Bangaphi abahlobo bethu abafuna ngokungazi ukuvula iinkampani zabo njenge "ivenkile zamayeza aseTshayina" ezinayo yonke into abayidingayo kwaye zinokuthatha iiodolo, ezibizwa ngokuba yinkonzo "yokuma kunye". Ndiyoyika ukuba ukuba andikwazi ukujongana nabo bonke abathengi, ndiza kukhangela abanye abathengi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, nento endinokuyenza iya kuthathwa zezinye iinkampani. Okanye baxhalabile ukuba abathengi baya kucinga ukuba abanazo izibonelelo zokuxhasa ezaneleyo kunye nobuchule obubuthathaka, kwaye abayi kukwazi ukufumana iiodolo ezinkulu kwixesha elizayo. Ngale ndlela, ndisiya ndisiya ndikude kakhulu "kwiingcali". Abanye abahlobo baya kuthenga umgca wemveliso kangangoko banako. Lo gama nje imveliso ingaba yiarhente, ndiya kuhlangabezana nayo yonke imiqathango. Xa amaqela amabini enxibelelana, ahlala ebuza ukuba ndithengisa kangakanani, ndingathengisa kangakanani, ndingathengisa kangakanani, ndingathengisa kangakanani, ndingabathengisi neenjineli. Ngowuphi ummandla wam ongcono wokuthengisa? Cinga ngento ecingwa ngabantu bamanye amazwe, iyinyani kakhulu. Akayi kufuna ukuqeqesha iarhente yedwa. Ngokuqinisekileyo angadinga iqabane eliye lenza impumelelo kule marike ithile kwaye likhululekile kuyo, kwaye linokumnceda afikelele kubathengi nakwiimarike ngokukhawuleza. Ndivelisa iimveliso kwaye uneendlela, nto leyo enceda bonke abantu bathethe ngazo.

Kukho umsantsa phakathi kweengcinga zabantu bamanye amazwe kunye nemeko yethu yangoku. Akumangalisi ukuba singafumani into esiyifunayo kwaye into esifuna ukuyenza ayinakwenziwa. Ngethamsanqa, wakhumbula ukuba wadibana nomhlobo ovela kumenzi we-IC ophambili ekuqaleni konyaka, kwaye wathetha nangeearhente. Ukuthengisa kwabo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiiarhente ezimbalwa eziphambili. Kodwa banikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekwandiseni iimveliso ezintsha kunye namacandelo amatsha, ngokucacileyo angengomdla wabo bameli abakhulu. Ingasathethwa ke ngaye, kwanekomkhulu labo lokuqala lomzi-mveliso bakufumanisa kunzima ukutyhala aba bameli abakhulu ukuba basebenzisane ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. Aba bameli kudala beqhele ukufumana iimveliso zokuqala kunye nabathengi abakhulu, baze baxhomekeke kwimali yabo enkulu ukwenza intengiso. Kodwa kulula kangakanani ukuthembela kuphela kwintengiso kunye ne-FAE yomzi-mveliso wokuqala? Bakwacinga nokukhangela intsebenziswano nezinye iinkampani zoyilo kunye neenkampani zokuthengisa kwicandelo elithile. Qala ngokuchaza izinto ezisetyenziswa ngabameli, kwaye ekugqibeleni unethemba lokubonakala kwaye ube ziiarhente zabo. Asizange siqhagamshelane ixesha elide. Bekufanele ukuba benze yonke into abafuna ukuyenza, akunjalo? Ewe, kubonakala ngathi bambalwa kakhulu abantu abanomdla nabagxininisa ekubeni "ngabachwephesha", nangona abantu abaninzi phakathi kwabo bedla ngokuzigwagwisa ngokuba "ngabachwephesha".

10. Yiba yiarhente! Ndisebenzisa ithuba lokubulisa ngeKrisimesi noNyaka oMtsha, umphathi wokuqala wefektri ye-Pre-audio IC endikhankanyileyo apha ngasentla uthethe nam malunga nokukhangela kwakhe iarhente ye-mainland kwiintsuku ezimbini ezidlulileyo. "Kudala kakhulu, bendicinga ukuba sele yenziwe!" Oku bekungaphaya kokulindela kwam. Ndingavuma nje ngokungakhathali: "Kulungile, ndiza kukubeka esweni, kwaye ndiza kukucebisa into elungileyo." Inqanaba lam lesiNgesi lalinganelanga ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukudideka kwakhe. Kubonakala kum ukuba iingcali zethu zokusasaza i-IC zikhululekile kakhulu okanye azinalo ukuzithemba ngokwaneleyo okanye zinezinye iimfihlo? Umdla wam undikhokelele ekubeni ndicinge ngaba basebenzi bokusasaza i-IC. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba olu khuphiswano lukhawulezayo lwenze abantu abaninzi baxhalabele ngakumbi ukwenza imali ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlala kude neshishini lexesha elide. Ithemba lihle kakhulu, kodwa kufuneka ndiqinisekise ukuba ndingaphila de kube lusuku apho ithemba lizaliseka! Imicimbi yokwenyani kufuneka iqwalaselwe, ngoko ke sihlala sixakeke yishishini elibonakala lixakekile yonke imihla. Ndisoloko ndimangaliswa kukuba uninzi lwabahlobo bam luchitha usuku lwabo lonke bebuza ukuba bangazifumana phi iindlela zokuthenga ezingabizi, okanye bezibuza ukuba zeziphi iintengiso zokuqala zefektri okanye zeearhente abanokuzifumana. Inzuzo iyonke yala mashishini ayilinganiswa nge-% kodwa ngeesenti okanye neesenti. Kodwa babexakeke kakhulu kwaye bonwabile.

Ngamanye amaxesha emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, bakhala ngelithi ishishini linzima kwaye kufuneka basebenze ixesha elingephi kumzi-mveliso wokuqala, iiarhente, abathumeli, kunye nabathengi. Ngamaxesha athile, ndibuza ukuba zikho phi iindlela ezilungileyo kunye neendlela zokwenza imali enkulu nokwenza amashishini amakhulu. Ndineentloni zokuxoxa ngale miba kuba andizange ndenze mali ingako, kwaye ewe akukho sisombululo silungileyo. Ndingathetha ngayo kuphela ngeze. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ndithetha ngeemvakalelo zam ngasese, ndikhetha amashishini athatha ixesha elininzi kwaye afuna umsebenzi omninzi. Asikuko ukuba ndizalelwe ukuba ndisebenze nzima kwaye ndibe nesibindi sokujongana nemingeni, kodwa ndivakalelwa kukuba amashishini anjalo afanele umzamo. Ishishini elilula lidla ngokuqala ngokuthenga, lo gama nje uchitha amandla aneleyo kunye nezixhobo eziphathekayo ukuze ufumane iodolo. Ishishini elilula lidla ngokuqala ngexabiso kunye nexesha lokuhlawula. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokwenza ixabiso lakho libe liphantsi kunezinye, kwaye ixesha lokuhlawula linokuba lide kunezinye. Ewe, inzuzo yeshishini elinjalo inokulinganiswa kuphela ngeesenti neesenti. Ekugqibeleni, kuya kuba yinto engenamsebenzi okanye kuvuke ngosuku olulandelayo kufumaniseke ukuba iphangiwe ngabanye kwakhona. Njengoko kuthethwa njalo, beza ngokukhawuleza baze bahambe ngokukhawuleza. Ekubeni ishishini linokuthathwa lula kwabanye, akumangalisi ukuba abanye baya kulithatha kwimizuzu embalwa. Alinakhabhoni ephantsi, aligcini amandla, alinabungozi kokusingqongileyo, kwaye alinambono yesayensi ngophuhliso.

Kwelinye icala, jonga amashishini aneengxaki nemingeni. Iqala ngeSouring, ukuthumela iisampulu, ukwenza iiprototypes, kwaye ekugqibeleni iTotal Solution. Ayincedi nje kuphela ekuphuhlisweni kwehardware, ikwanceda ekuphuhlisweni kwesoftware. Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka sincede abathengi bacwangcise "amanqaku okuthengisa" eemveliso zabo. Kuba umthengi uthe uqhelene kakhulu nokusebenza kwemveliso yakho, kwaye uyazi kakuhle indlela yokubonisa oku kusebenza kakuhle kubathengi bethu. Ngamanye amaxesha ndiya kuziva ndicaphukile, "Ndibe yintoni? Ngaphandle kwam, ufuna ntoni i-R&D kunye namasebe okuthengisa? Usengumphathi imini yonke. Oku akulunganga, akulunganga." Yiyo yonke loo nto: "Uxanduva olukhulu luvela ezulwini." Abantu baseYusi,..." Iziphumo zemizamo enjalo aziqinisekanga. Nje ukuba kwenzeke impazamo ebulalayo kwikhonkco elithile le-R&D, imveliso, kunye nentengiso, yonke imizamo yangaphambili iya kulahleka. Nangona kunjalo, amathuba oku awakaphezulu. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, lutyalo-mali olukhulu kubathengi ukuphuhlisa imveliso entsha baze bayifake kwimarike, kwaye abayi kuyingxamela ngaphandle kokuyiqwalasela ngononophelo. Isiphumo esibi kukuba umthengi ufumanisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ayinakuhlangabezana nolindelo kwaye kufuneka ishiywe emva kokuba ibekwe kwimarike. Kodwa ii-odolo ezigqityiweyo ngeli xesha zinokunceda ubuncinane ukubopha iqhina, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kusekho ulungelelwano. Kakade ke, ukuba impendulo yemarike ilungile, inzuzo iya kubonakala. Olu hlobo lwesivuno alugcini nje ngokuba luzinzile kwaye luhlala ixesha elide, kodwa kunzima nokuba luthathwe ngabanye.

Ukuba abanye bafuna ukulibamba eli shishini, ewe nabo kufuneka benze into efanayo. Ngaphandle koko, banokuba njani nokhuphiswano ngokwaneleyo ukuze babambe ishishini elinjalo? Kufuneka akwazi ukuthwala "uxanduva olukhulu kangaka". Ngokuphathelele ukuzama "ukukha iipesika" ngokufumana umntu othile okanye umntu omnye okanye ababini, akulula oko. Ukufumana, uphando nophuhliso, ulawulo lomgangatho, ukuthenga, ukuthengisa, ubunkokeli, ungathanda ukuzama zonke ezi zinto? Ngaphezu koko, ukuba umthengisi onjalo ulahliwe, ngubani oqinisekisa ukuba omtsha uza kwenza ngcono? Bambalwa abathengi abazimisele umngcipheko wokungcakaza okunjalo. Ingasathethwa ke ngeemvakalelo ezavelayo. Ufuna ukuba ngummeli onjani?