Ni gute abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagereranya ikiguzi n'igihe mu guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu?

Ni gute abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagereranya ikiguzi n'igihe mu guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu?

1. Ibiranga ikiguzi n'igihe by'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu

1.1 Ubwikorezi bw'indege: buhenze kandi bwihuse
Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ni bwo buryo bwihuse bwo gutwara ibintu mu masoko mpuzamahanga, kandi bushobora kugeza ibicuruzwa kuva aho bitangirira kugera aho bijya mu gihe gito. Nk’uko bitangazwa n’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere (IATA), igihe cy’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ni 1/10 gusa cy’ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, kandi ibicuruzwa bishobora koherezwa mu bice byinshi by’isi mu masaha 24. Ariko, ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu mu kirere nacyo kiri hejuru. Dufashe urugero rwo gutwara toni 1 y’ibicuruzwa, ubusanzwe gutwara ibintu mu kirere bikubye inshuro 5-10 ugereranije n’ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi. Nyamara, gutwara ibintu mu kirere bifite inyungu zikomeye mu gutwara ibintu bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bitwara igihe, nk’ibicuruzwa by’ikoranabuhanga, ibicuruzwa by’akataraboneka n’ibindi bikoresho byihutirwa. Ibi bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi birushaho kwita ku gihe cyo gutwara ibintu, bityo guhitamo gutwara ibintu mu kirere bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu n’ingaruka zo kubura ibicuruzwa.

1.2 Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi: buhendutse kandi bugenda buhoro
Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi ni bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa cyane mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga. Bufite igiciro gito kandi bufite ubwikorezi bwinshi, kandi bukwiriye gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi n'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gato. Dukurikije imibare y'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi (WTO), ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bungana na 80% by'ubucuruzi bwose ku isi. Igipimo cy'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi kiri hasi, kandi ikiguzi cyo gutwara toni 1 y'ibicuruzwa ni 1/5-1/10 gusa cy'ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere. Ariko, igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi ni kirekire, kandi akenshi bifata ibyumweru cyangwa amezi kugeza ibicuruzwa aho bijya. Kubwibyo, gutwara ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi bikwiriye ibicuruzwa bidakoresha igihe, nk'ibikoresho fatizo, ibikomoka ku buhinzi n'ibicuruzwa bisanzwe bikoreshwa.

1.3 Ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka: igiciro kiringaniye n'umuvuduko uringaniye
Gutwara abantu ku butaka birimo gutwara abantu mu muhanda no gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi, kandi ikiguzi n'umuvuduko wabyo biri hagati y'ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere no gutwara abantu mu mazi. Gutwara abantu mu muhanda bifite imiterere yo koroshya cyane no kwihuta mu gusubiza ibintu, ibi bikaba bikwiye gutwara abantu mu ntera ngufi n'ibicuruzwa bisaba ubufasha bwihuse. Gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi birakwiriye gutwara abantu mu ntera ndende, bifite igiciro gito kandi byihuse mu gutwara abantu. Nk'uko bitangazwa n'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Imihanda ya Gari ya Moshi (UIC), umuvuduko mpuzandengo w'ubwikorezi muri gari ya moshi ni inshuro 1.5 z'ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda, mu gihe ikiguzi kiri hejuru gato y'ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda. Gutwara abantu mu butaka bifite inyungu mu gutwara ibintu bifite agaciro gaciriritse n'ibisabwa mu gihe giciriritse, nk'imashini n'ibikoresho, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, nibindi.

2. Ingaruka z'imiterere y'imizigo ku giciro n'igihe

2.1 Agaciro k'imizigo: imizigo ifite agaciro gakomeye ikunda gutwara abantu mu kirere kugira ngo igabanye ikiguzi cy'igihe
Agaciro k'imizigo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagomba kwitaho mu gihe bahitamo uburyo bwo gutwara. Ku mizigo ifite agaciro gakomeye, ikiguzi cy'igihe akenshi kiba kiri hejuru y'ikiguzi cyo gutwara. Dufate urugero rw'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga. Agaciro kabyo ni kenshi kandi isoko rihinduka vuba. Iyo ibicuruzwa bitinze gutangwa, bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bibura amahirwe meza yo kugurisha no guteza igihombo gikomeye mu bukungu. Dukurikije amakuru aturuka mu bigo by'ubushakashatsi ku isoko, agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga ku isoko gashobora kugabanukaho 0.5% - 1% kuri buri munsi wo gutinda gutangwa. Kubwibyo, abagura imizigo ifite agaciro gakomeye bakunda gutwara abantu mu kirere. Nubwo ikiguzi cyo gutwara abantu mu kirere ari kinini, gishobora gutanga ibicuruzwa vuba, kugabanya ibirarane by'ibicuruzwa n'ingaruka zo kubura ibicuruzwa, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi cy'igihe, bikinga agaciro k'ibicuruzwa ku isoko n'inyungu z'ikigo.

2.2 Ubwinshi bw'imizigo n'uburemere: Imizigo myinshi ikwiriye gutwara abantu mu mazi cyangwa ku butaka kugira ngo igabanye ikiguzi
Ubunini n'uburemere bw'imizigo nabyo bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku buryo bwo kuyitwara. Ku mitwaro myinshi, nk'ibikoresho fatizo, ibikomoka ku buhinzi, n'ibindi, ingano n'uburemere byayo ni byinshi, kandi ikiguzi cyo kuyitwara kiba ikintu cy'ingenzi. Gutwara abantu mu mazi byabaye amahitamo ya mbere mu gutwara imizigo myinshi bitewe n'ubwinshi bwayo n'igiciro gito. Bivugwa ko ikiguzi cyo gutwara toni 1 y'ibicuruzwa mu mazi ari 1/3 - 1/2 gusa by'ibyo gutwara abantu mu butaka. Urugero, ikiguzi cyo gutwara icyuma kuva muri Brezili kugera mu Bushinwa mu bwato gishobora kugenzurwa hagati y'amadolari 10 na 15 kuri toni. Ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe binini ariko byoroheje, nk'imashini nini n'ibikoresho, gutwara abantu mu butaka (cyane cyane gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi) nabyo ni amahitamo meza. Gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gutwara imizigo n'inzira zihoraho zo gutwara abantu, bishobora kugabanya igihombo n'ibyago mu gihe cyo kuyitwara. Muri icyo gihe, ikiguzi cyo kuyitwara ni gito, kibereye gutwara ibintu nk'ibyo mu ntera ndende.

3. Ingamba zo kuringaniza ibyo umuguzi akeneye

3.1 Ibikenewe byihutirwa: gushyira imbere ubwikorezi bw'indege kugira ngo haboneke serivisi ku gihe
Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga, ni ngombwa cyane kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bishobora gutangwa ku gihe iyo bibaye ngombwa. Muri iki gihe, gutwara abantu mu kirere ni bwo buryo bwiza bwo gutwara abantu. Dukurikije imibare y’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Ubwikorezi bw’Indege (IATA), igihe cy’ubwikorezi bw’indege ni kimwe cya cumi gusa cy’igihe cyo gutwara abantu mu mazi, kandi ibicuruzwa bishobora gutangwa mu bice byinshi by’isi mu masaha 24. Urugero, iyo ikigo gikeneye kongera kuzuza ububiko cyangwa gusubiza ku isoko ritunguranye, umuvuduko w’ubwikorezi bw’indege ushobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byo kubura ibicuruzwa no kwirinda igihombo cy’abakiriya no gutakaza ibyo batumije bitewe no gutinda kubitanga.
Fata urugero rw'isosiyete ikora ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Igomba kugura uduce duto tw'agaciro gakomeye ku bacuruzi b'abanyamahanga mu gihe cyo gukora. Kubera ko igihe cyo gukora n'igihe cyo gutwara uduce duto bigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri gahunda y'isosiyete yo gukora, iyo habayeho gutinda, bishobora gutuma umurongo w'ibikorwa uhagarara. Kubwibyo, isosiyete ikunda gutwara abantu mu kirere kugira ngo irebe ko uduce duto dushobora kuhagera ku gihe, bityo igakomeza gukora. Byongeye kandi, ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe by'igihe cyangwa ibicuruzwa bifite ibisabwa ku gihe, nk'imyenda y'imideli, impano z'iminsi mikuru, nibindi, umuvuduko w'ingendo zo mu kirere ushobora kandi kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bishobora kugera ku isoko mu gihe cyiza cyo kugurisha, bityo bikongera inyungu.

3.2 Ikiguzi gishingiye ku kiguzi: Hitamo ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi cyangwa ubwo ku butaka kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo gutwara
Ku baguzi bahenze cyane, ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku byemezo byo gutanga amasoko. Muri iki gihe, ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi no ku butaka akenshi ni amahitamo meza kurushaho. Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bwabaye amahitamo ya mbere mu gutwara imizigo myinshi bitewe n'ubwinshi bwayo n'igiciro gito. Dukurikije imibare y'Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi (WTO), ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bungana na 80% by'ubucuruzi bwose ku isi. Ikiguzi cyo gutwara toni 1 y'ibicuruzwa mu nyanja ni 1/3 - 1/2 gusa by'ubwikorezi bwo mu butaka. Urugero, ikiguzi kuri toni y'amabuye y'agaciro ava muri Brezili ajya mu Bushinwa mu nyanja gishobora kugenzurwa hagati y'amadolari 10 na 15 y'Amerika.
Ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka (cyane cyane ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi) bufite inyungu mu gutwara ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gaciriritse kandi bigengwa n'igihe giciriritse. Nk'uko bitangazwa n'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Imihanda ya Gari ya Moshi (UIC), umuvuduko mpuzandengo w'ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi ni inshuro 1.5 z'ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda, mu gihe ikiguzi kiri hejuru gato y'ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda. Ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bifite ingano nini ariko biremereye, nk'imashini nini n'ibikoresho, gutwara gari ya moshi bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gutwara imizigo n'inzira zihoraho zo gutwara, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugabanya igihombo n'ibyago mu gihe cyo gutwara. Byongeye kandi, gutwara abantu ku butaka birahindagurika cyane kandi bishobora kumenyera gutwara abantu n'ibintu biremereye n'ibikenewe vuba.
Ku baguzi bahenze cyane, guhitamo gutwara abantu mu mazi cyangwa mu butaka ntibishobora kugabanya cyane ikiguzi cy’ubwikorezi gusa, ahubwo binatuma ikigo kirushaho gukora neza no guhangana n’ibiciro binyuze mu gucunga neza ibicuruzwa no kunoza uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa.

4. Gusuzuma igihe cyo gutwara abantu gikwiye

4.1 Izina ry'umutwara: Hitamo umutwara ufite izina ryiza kugira ngo urebe ko igihe cyo gutwara kidahinduka
Izina ry'ikigo cy'ubwikorezi ni ikintu cy'ingenzi abaguzi mpuzamahanga badashobora kwirengagiza iyo bahisemo uburyo bwo gutwara. Abatwara ibicuruzwa bafite izina ryiza ubusanzwe baba bafite uburyo bwuzuye bwo gucunga ibikoresho ndetse na serivisi zizewe zo gutwara ibintu, ibyo bikaba byatuma igihe cyo gutwara ibintu kiguma neza. Nk'uko raporo zituruka mu bigo by'ubushakashatsi ku nganda zibivuga, izina ry'ikigo cy'ubwikorezi rifitanye isano ribi cyane n'igipimo cy'ubutinda bw'ubwikorezi. Kuri buri 10% byiyongereyeho izina, igipimo cy'ubutinda bw'ubwikorezi gishobora kugabanukaho hafi 15%. Urugero, mu rwego rwo gutwara ibintu, abatwara ibicuruzwa bazwi nka Maersk na Mediterranean Shipping (MSC) bashobora gutanga gahunda ihamye y'ubwikorezi bitewe n'izina ryabo ryiza ryakusanyijwe mu myaka myinshi. Aba batwara ibicuruzwa ubusanzwe bashora amafaranga menshi mu kubungabunga amato, kunoza inzira no guhuza ibyambu kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigere aho bigeze ku gihe. Byongeye kandi, abatwara ibicuruzwa bafite izina ryiza nabo biteguye gusinya amasezerano n'abaguzi bafite ingingo z'ingwate y'igihe kandi bagatanga indishyi cyangwa ibisubizo bijyanye n'igihe cyo gutinda, bityo bagaha abaguzi uburinzi bukomeye.

4.2 Gutegura inzira: Gutunganya inzira zo gutwara abantu kugira ngo bigabanye gutinda gushoboka
Gutegura inzira zijyanye n'ubwikorezi ni ingenzi cyane mu kugabanya gutinda gushoboka. Mu kunoza inzira zigendanwa, gutinda guterwa n'ibintu nk'ibidukikije, imiterere ya politiki, n'umubyigano w'ibyambu bishobora kwirindwa neza. Dukurikije imibare ituruka mu Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Ibintu (ILA), kunoza inzira zigendanwa bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo gutwara abantu ho 10% - 20% no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara abantu ho 5% - 10%. Urugero, mu gihe uhisemo inzira yo gutwara abantu mu mazi, abaguzi bagomba kugerageza kwirinda amazi akunze kugaragaramo ibikorwa by'ubujura n'uturere duto duto, nko ku nkombe za Somaliya n'amazi amwe yo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati. Mu gihe uhisemo kunyura ku cyambu cyuzuye abantu benshi, ugomba gusobanukirwa umubyigano w'icyambu n'imikorere myiza mbere y'igihe, kandi ugaha agaciro ibyambu bifite ibikorwa byiza. Dufashe urugero rw'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi buva mu Bushinwa bujya i Burayi, nubwo inzira inyura mu muyoboro wa Suez ari ngufi, ishobora gutinda bitewe n'umubyigano w'imiyoboro mu bihe bimwe na bimwe. Muri iki gihe, guhitamo kunyura mu muyoboro wa Cape of Good Hope bizongera urugendo, ariko igihe cyo gutwara abantu gishobora kuba gihamye kurushaho. Byongeye kandi, ku bwikorezi bwo ku butaka, gutegura neza inzira za gari ya moshi n'imihanda kugira ngo hirindwe umubyigano w'imodoka n'uturere dushobora kwibasirwa n'ibiza nabyo bishobora kugabanya neza gutinda kw'ubwikorezi. Urugero, mu gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi mu mugabane w’u Burayi, guhitamo inzira zinyura mu bihugu bifite ibikorwa remezo byateye imbere nk’Ubudage na Polonye bizatanga icyizere cyo hejuru mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu kurusha kunyura mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe bifite ibikorwa remezo bibi.

5. Isuzuma ryimbitse ry'ikiguzi n'igihe

5.1 Isesengura ry'ibiciro byose: Tekereza ku bintu birambuye nko gutwara ibintu n'ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu
Mu itangwa ry’amasoko mpuzamahanga, guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu ntibishobora gushingira gusa ku kintu kimwe cy’ikiguzi cy’ubwikorezi, ahubwo bigomba gusuzuma mu buryo burambuye ikiguzi cy’ubwikorezi, ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu, ikiguzi cy’ubwishingizi, ikiguzi cyo gupakira no gupakurura ibintu n’ibindi. Isesengura ry’ikiguzi cyose rishobora kugaragaza mu buryo burambuye ingaruka nyazo z’ubukungu bw’uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara ibintu.
Ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi: Iki ni cyo giciro cyumvikana cyane. Gutwara abantu mu kirere bifite umuvuduko mwinshi ariko wihuta, ukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini kandi bitwara igihe; gutwara abantu mu mazi bifite umuvuduko muto ariko ugenda buhoro, ukwiriye ibicuruzwa byinshi n'ibifite agaciro gato; gutwara abantu ku butaka bifite ikiguzi kiringaniye n'umuvuduko uringaniye, ukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gaciriritse n'ibitwara igihe.
Igiciro cyo kubika ibicuruzwa: Ibicuruzwa byinjira mu mafaranga mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu, ibyo bikaba bizabyara ikiguzi cyo kubika ibicuruzwa. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi bw’inganda, ikiguzi cyo kubika ibicuruzwa akenshi kiba hagati ya 10% na 20% by’agaciro k’ibicuruzwa. Urugero, ku bicuruzwa by’ikoranabuhanga bifite agaciro kanini, ikiguzi cyo kubika ibicuruzwa kiri hejuru, bityo uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu bwihuse (nk’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere) bushobora kugabanya igihe cyo gukoresha imari no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kubika ibicuruzwa.
Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi: Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini kiri hejuru, kandi uko igihe cyo gutwara ibintu kigenda kirekire, niko ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi kiri hejuru. Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi ku gutwara ibintu mu mazi kiri hejuru bitewe n'igihe kirekire cyo gutwara ibintu.
Ibiciro byo gupakira no gupakurura: Uko igihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura ibintu kigenda cyiyongera, ni ko ibiciro byo gupakira no gupakurura ibintu birushaho kuba byinshi. Gutwara ibintu ku butaka no mu mazi bishobora gusaba gupakurura no gupakurura ibintu inshuro nyinshi, mu gihe gutwara ibintu mu kirere akenshi bigira igihe gito cyo gupakurura no gupakurura ibintu. Urugero, mu gihe hari umubyigano ku byambu bimwe na bimwe, igihe cyo gupakurura no gupakurura ibicuruzwa kirakongerwa kandi ibiciro byo gupakurura no gupakurura ibintu nabyo biziyongera.
Dukurikije ibi bintu by'ikiguzi, abaguzi mpuzamahanga bashobora gusuzuma neza ikiguzi cyose cy'uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara ibintu. Urugero, ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bitwara igihe, nubwo ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite ikiguzi kinini cyo gutwara ibintu, bushobora gutanga vuba, bukagabanya ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu n'ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi, kandi bushobora kuba amahitamo meza ukurikije ikiguzi cyose.

5.2 Isuzuma ry'agaciro k'igihe: Gusuzuma ikiguzi cy'igihe hashingiwe ku gaciro k'isoko n'igihe ibicuruzwa bigezemo
Agaciro k'igihe bivuze ihinduka ry'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa bitewe n'ibihe bitandukanye byo gutwara. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga, isuzuma ry'agaciro k'igihe ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi mu guhuza ikiguzi n'igihe.
Ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bikoresha igihe, nk'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibicuruzwa by'akataraboneka, bikoresha igihe cyane. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi ku isoko, agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga ku isoko gashobora kugabanukaho 0.5% - 1% kuri buri munsi w'ibicuruzwa byatinze gutangwa. Kubwibyo, kuri ibyo bicuruzwa, uburyo bwihuse bwo gutwara ibintu (nk'ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere) bushobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'igihe no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bigera ku isoko mu gihe cyiza cyo kugurisha, bityo bikagira inyungu nyinshi.
Ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi bifite agaciro gato, nk'ibikoresho fatizo n'ibikomoka ku buhinzi, bifite agaciro gato ku isoko kandi ntibihangayikishwa cyane n'igihe, bityo ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi kiba ari cyo cy'ingenzi. Nubwo ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bugenda buhoro, inyungu yabwo ku giciro gito ishobora kugabanya cyane ikiguzi cyose.
Ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gaciriritse kandi bikoresha igihe, nk'imashini n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu bisaba uburinganire hagati y'ikiguzi n'igihe. Gutwara abantu ku butaka (cyane cyane gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi) bifite inyungu zimwe na zimwe muri iki gihe, hamwe n'umuvuduko wihuse w'ubwikorezi n'igiciro kiringaniye.
Byongeye kandi, kwizera igihe cyo gutwara ibintu bizagira ingaruka ku gaciro k'igihe. Isosiyete zitwara abantu zizwi neza n'inzira nziza zo gutwara ibintu bishobora kugabanya gutinda kw'ubwikorezi no kongera agaciro k'igihe. Urugero, guhitamo sosiyete itwara abantu mu mazi izwi cyane, nka Maersk na Mediterranean Shipping (MSC), bishobora kugabanya neza igipimo cyo gutinda kw'ubwikorezi no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bihagera ku gihe, bityo bikongera agaciro k'igihe.
Mu gusuzuma neza ikiguzi n'igihe byose, abaguzi mpuzamahanga bashobora kubona uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu, bityo bakanoza ikiguzi n'igihe.

6. Gahunda y'uburinganire mu gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu buryo butandukanye

6.1 Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu buhuriweho: gukoresha ubwikorezi bukoresha uburyo bwinshi kugira ngo habeho kuringaniza ikiguzi n'igihe
Gutwara ibicuruzwa mu buryo butandukanye bivuga uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bubiri cyangwa burenze bwo gutwara ibintu. Bishobora kuringaniza neza ikiguzi n'igihe no guha abaguzi mpuzamahanga igisubizo cyoroshye.
Ibyiza: Gutwara abantu hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bihuza ibyiza by'uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu. Urugero, ushobora kubanza gukoresha ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere kugira ngo utware ibicuruzwa byihuse aho bijyanwa, hanyuma ukabitwara ukoresheje ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka cyangwa mu mazi. Ubu buryo ntibukoresha gusa umuvuduko w'ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere, ahubwo bunakoresha igiciro gito cy'ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka cyangwa mu mazi. Dukurikije imibare y'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Ibintu (ILA), gukoresha ubwikorezi bwo mu buryo bwinshi bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi ho 15% - 25% no kugabanya igihe cyo gutwara ho 10% - 15%.
Ingero zifatika: Ku bicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe bifite agaciro gaciriritse n'ibiciriritse, nk'imashini n'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, gutwara ibintu mu buryo butandukanye ni amahitamo meza. Ibi bicuruzwa bifite ibisabwa kugira ngo bihabwe igihe cyo kubitwara, ariko ntibifite agaciro gakomeye nk'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye. Binyuze mu gutwara ibintu mu buryo butandukanye, ushobora kugabanya ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi neza mugihe ugenzura ko ibicuruzwa bihagera ku gihe.
Urugero: Dufashe urugero rwo gutwara imashini n'ibikoresho biva mu Bushinwa bijya i Burayi, ushobora guhitamo gutwara ibicuruzwa muri Aziya yo Hagati ukoresheje gari ya moshi, hanyuma ukabijyana aho byagenewe i Burayi ukoresheje umuhanda. Ubu buryo ntiburinda gusa igihe kirekire cyo gutwara abantu mu mazi, ahubwo bunagabanya ikiguzi kinini cyo gutwara abantu mu kirere.

6.2 Gutunganya aho transshipment points: Gutegura neza aho transshipment points kugira ngo bigabanye igihe n'ikiguzi cyo gutwara
Gutegura neza aho gutwara abantu mu buryo bunyura ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo ubwikorezi bugende neza. Guhitamo no kunoza aho gutwara abantu mu buryo bunyura bishobora kugabanya igihe n'ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi no kunoza imikorere y'ubwikorezi.
Guhitamo aho ibicuruzwa bijyanwa mu mahanga: Mu guhitamo aho ibicuruzwa bijyanwa mu mahanga bigomba kwitabwaho nk'aho biherereye, uburyo bworoshye bwo gutwara abantu, n'ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu. Urugero, guhitamo icyambu cyangwa ikigo cya gari ya moshi gifite uburyo bwo gutwara abantu bworoshye n'ibikoresho byuzuye byo gutwara abantu nk'ahantu ho gutwara abantu bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo guturamo n'igihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu. Dukurikije imibare yavuye mu Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Imihanda ya Gari ya Moshi (UIC), guhitamo ahantu ho gutwara abantu mu buryo bukwiye bishobora kugabanya igihe cyo gutwara abantu ho 10% - 15% no kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara no gupakurura ho 10% - 20%.
Ingamba zo kunoza: Mu gihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa, igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa n'ikiguzi bishobora kugabanuka kurushaho binyuze mu kunoza uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa no kunoza imikorere myiza y'imicungire y'ibikoresho. Urugero, gukoresha ibikoresho byikora byo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa bishobora kunoza imikorere y'ibikoresho no gupakurura ibicuruzwa no kugabanya igihe cyo gupakurura no gupakurura ibicuruzwa. Byongeye kandi, gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo gucunga amakuru y'ibikoresho bishobora gukurikirana aho ibicuruzwa biherereye n'uko bihagaze mu gihe nyacyo kugira ngo harebwe ko ibicuruzwa bihuzwa neza mu gihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa.
Urugero: Mu gutwara ibicuruzwa biva mu Bushinwa bijya i Burayi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi, Almaty muri Kazakisitani yatoranijwe nk'ahantu ho gutwara ibicuruzwa. Almaty ifite ahantu heza ho gutwara ibintu, uburyo bworoshye bwo gutwara abantu, n'ibikoresho byuzuye byo gutwara ibintu. Binyuze mu kunoza uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa no gukoresha ibikoresho byikora, igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa muri Almaty cyagabanijweho 20% kandi ikiguzi cyo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa cyagabanutseho 15%.

7. Gahunda yo gucunga ibyago n'ibiza

7.1 Kumenya Ingaruka: Kumenya Ibintu Bishobora Kugira Ingaruka ku Giciro n'Igihe Mu Gutwara Abantu
Mu gihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga, ibintu bitandukanye bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku giciro n'igihe, kandi abaguzi bagomba gukora isuzuma ryimbitse ry’ingaruka.
Ibiza kamere: Ibiza kamere nk'inkubi y'umuyaga, imitingito, imyuzure, nibindi bishobora guteza akajagari cyangwa gutinda mu nzira zo gutwara abantu. Urugero, umutingito wabaye mu Buyapani mu 2011 watumye ibyambu byinshi bifungwa, bituma igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa binyura mu Buyapani cyongera ibyumweru byinshi. Byongeye kandi, ibiza kamere bishobora kongera ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi bw'ibicuruzwa, bikongera ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi.
Imiterere ya Politiki: Ihungabana rya politiki, intambara, ibikorwa by'iterabwoba, nibindi bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutekano w'ubwikorezi n'igihe. Urugero, imvururu za politiki mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati zatumye inzira z'amato muri ako karere zikunze guhura n'ibirarane n'igenzura ryinshi ry'umutekano. Byongeye kandi, impinduka mu miterere ya politiki zishobora no gutuma habaho imipaka mu bucuruzi cyangwa guhagarika ibikorwa by'ubwikorezi, bigatuma ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi cyiyongera.
Urujya n'uruza rw'ibinyabiziga: Urujya n'uruza rw'ibinyabiziga ni ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu gutwara abantu mu mazi, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'ubucuruzi n'ibihe by'izuba. Nk'uko bitangazwa n'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Ibintu (ILA), urujya n'uruza rw'ibinyabiziga rushobora kongera igihe cyo gutwara abantu ku kigero cya 10% - 20%. Urugero, urujya n'uruza rw'umuyoboro wa Suez rwongereye cyane igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, urujya n'uruza rw'ibinyabiziga mu gutwara abantu ku butaka narwo ruzongera igihe cyo gutwara abantu n'ibintu n'ikiguzi.
Kwizerwa kw'ubwikorezi: Izina n'ubwizerwe by'ubwikorezi bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku gihe cyo gutwara ibintu. Ingendo zidafite izina ryiza zishobora guhura n'ingaruka zo gutinda cyane ndetse n'ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu kiri hejuru. Urugero, zimwe mu ngendo nto zo mu mazi zishobora gutera gutinda kw'ubwikorezi bitewe no kudakora neza kw'amato cyangwa gutegura inzira mu buryo butari bwo.
Ibiranga imizigo: Ibiranga imizigo, nko kuba ingano, uburemere, no kwangirika, nabyo bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo kuyitwara. Urugero, ibicuruzwa bishobora kwangirika bisaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kuyitwara no kuyitwara vuba, bitabaye ibyo bishobora kwangiza imizigo no kuyitakaza mu bukungu. Byongeye kandi, ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye bishobora kwibasirwa n'uburiganya kandi bigasaba ingamba zo kurinda umutekano.

7.2 Ingamba zihutirwa: Gushyiraho gahunda zihutirwa zo guhangana n'ibibazo byihutirwa no kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa bihagera ku gihe
Kugira ngo bashobore guhangana n’ibintu byavuzwe haruguru bishobora gutera ibyago, abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagomba gushyiraho gahunda zuzuye z’ubutabazi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigere aho bigomba kugera ku gihe, mu gihe bagenzura ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu.
Gushyiraho izindi nzira zo gutwara abantu: Abaguzi bagomba gutegura izindi nzira zo gutwara abantu mbere y'igihe kugira ngo bahangane n'ibibazo byo kubura inzira cyangwa gutinda mu nzira nkuru. Urugero, mu gutwara abantu mu mazi, ushobora guhitamo kuzenguruka Cape of Good Hope kugira ngo wirinde urujya n'uruza rw'abantu mu muyoboro wa Suez. Ku bijyanye no gutwara abantu mu butaka, ushobora guhitamo izindi nzira za gari ya moshi cyangwa imihanda kugira ngo uhangane n'urujya n'uruza rw'abantu mu muhanda cyangwa ibiza.
Hitamo ikigo cy’ubwikorezi gifite izina ryiza: Gukorana n’ikigo cy’ubwikorezi gifite izina ryiza kandi cyizewe cyane bishobora kugabanya neza ibyago byo gutinda gutwara. Abashinzwe gutwara indege bafite izina ryiza bakunze gutanga gahunda nziza yo gutwara indege kandi bagatanga indishyi cyangwa ibisubizo mu gihe habayeho gutinda.
Guhaha ubwishingizi bw'ubwikorezi: Kugura ubwishingizi bukwiye bw'ubwikorezi bw'ibicuruzwa bishobora kwimura ibyago bishobora kubaho mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu, nko kwangirika, gutakaza cyangwa gutinda kw'ibicuruzwa. Dukurikije imibare y'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Ibintu (ILA), ubwishingizi bw'ubwikorezi bushobora kugabanya neza igihombo cy'ubukungu giterwa n'ingaruka.
Shyiraho ububiko bw'ibintu mu gihe cy'impanuka: Mu gihe habayeho gutinda gutwara ibintu, abaguzi bashobora gushyiraho ububiko bw'ibintu mu gihe cy'impanuka kugira ngo barebe ko umusaruro cyangwa ibicuruzwa bikomeza. ububiko bw'ibintu mu gihe cy'impanuka bushobora kugabanya ibyago byo kubura ibicuruzwa bitewe n'igihe cy'impanuka zo gutwara ibintu, ariko ikiguzi cyo kubika ibicuruzwa nacyo kigomba kwitabwaho.
Gukurikirana no gutumanaho mu buryo bwihuse: Koresha uburyo bugezweho bwa tekiniki, nko gukurikirana ubwikorezi n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho mu buryo bwihuse, kugira ngo ukurikirane uko ibicuruzwa byifashe mu gihe nyacyo kandi ukomeze kuvugana hafi n'abatwara ibicuruzwa. Ibi bifasha kumenya ibibazo bishobora kuvuka mu gihe cyabyo no gufata ingamba zikwiye.
Tegura gahunda z’ubutabazi: Tegura gahunda zirambuye z’ubutabazi ku bintu bishobora guteza ibyago. Urugero, ku biza cyangwa impinduka mu miterere ya politiki, ushobora guhindura inzira yo gutwara abantu cyangwa ugahitamo abatwara ibicuruzwa mbere y’igihe. Ku bijyanye n’ubucucike bw’ibyambu, ushobora gutegura ko ibicuruzwa byimurirwa ku bindi byambu mbere y’igihe.