Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe balinganisela kanjani izindleko nesikhathi lapho bekhetha indlela yokuhamba?

Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe balinganisela kanjani izindleko nesikhathi lapho bekhetha indlela yokuhamba?

1. Izindleko nesikhathi sezindlela zokuhamba

1.1 Ukuthuthwa ngendiza: izindleko eziphezulu kanye nesivinini esisheshayo
Ukuthuthwa ngendiza kuyindlela esheshayo yokuthutha ekuthengweni kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi kungaletha izimpahla kusukela ekuqaleni kuya endaweni oya kuyo ngesikhathi esifushane. Ngokusho kwe-International Air Transport Association (IATA), isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuthuthwa ngendiza siyi-1/10 kuphela sezokuthutha ngolwandle, futhi izimpahla zingalethwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba zingakapheli amahora angama-24. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokuthuthwa ngendiza nazo ziphakeme kakhulu. Uma sibheka ukuthuthwa kwethani elilodwa lezimpahla njengesibonelo, ukuthuthwa ngendiza kuvame ukuphindwe ka-5-10 kunezokuthutha ngolwandle. Noma kunjalo, ukuthuthwa ngendiza kunezinzuzo ezibalulekile ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu nezithinta isikhathi, njengemikhiqizo kagesi, izimpahla zikanokusho kanye nezingxenye eziphuthumayo ezisele. Lezi zimpahla zinenani eliphezulu futhi zithinta isikhathi sokuthuthwa, ngakho ukukhetha ukuthuthwa ngendiza kunganciphisa izindleko zempahla kanye nezingozi zokuphelelwa yisikhathi.

1.2 Ezokuthutha olwandle: izindleko eziphansi kanye nesivinini esihamba kancane
Ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kungenye yezindlela zokuhamba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthengweni kwamanye amazwe. Kunezindleko eziphansi kanye nomthamo omkhulu wokuthutha, futhi kufanelekile ukuthutha izimpahla ezinkulu kanye nezimpahla ezinenani eliphansi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-World Trade Organisation (WTO), ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kubalwa ngaphezu kuka-80% wohwebo lomhlaba wonke. Izinga lokuthuthwa ngolwandle liphansi kakhulu, kanti izindleko zokuthutha ithani elilodwa lezimpahla ziyi-1/5-1/10 kuphela yezokuthutha emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokuthuthwa ngolwandle side kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kuthatha amasonto noma izinyanga ukuletha izimpahla endaweni oya kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kufanelekile izimpahla ezinganaki isikhathi, njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nezimpahla ezivamile zabathengi.

1.3 Ukuthuthwa komhlaba: izindleko eziphakathi nendawo kanye nesivinini esiphakathi
Ukuhamba ngomgwaqo kuhlanganisa ukuhamba ngomgwaqo kanye nokuhamba ngesitimela, futhi izindleko kanye nesivinini sakho kuphakathi kokuhamba ngendiza kanye nokuhamba ngolwandle. Ukuhamba ngomgwaqo kunezici zokuguquguquka okuphezulu kanye nesivinini sokuphendula ngokushesha, okulungele ukuhamba ibanga elifushane kanye nezimpahla ezidinga impendulo esheshayo. Ukuhamba ngomgwaqo kufanelekile ukuhamba ibanga elide, ngezindleko eziphansi kanye nesivinini sokuhamba ngokushesha. Ngokusho kwe-International Union of Railways (UIC), isivinini esimaphakathi sokuhamba ngomgwaqo siphindwe ka-1.5 kunesokuhamba ngomgwaqo, kuyilapho izindleko ziphakeme kancane kunezokuhamba ngomgwaqo. Ukuhamba ngomgwaqo kunezinzuzo ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla ezinenani eliphakathi kanye nezidingo zesikhathi esimaphakathi, njengemishini nemishini, izinto zokwakha, njll.

2. Umthelela wezimpawu zempahla ezindlekweni nasesikhathini

2.1 Inani lempahla: impahla enenani eliphezulu ikhetha ukuthuthwa ngendiza ukuze inciphise izindleko zesikhathi
Inani lempahla liyinto ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ngabathengi bamazwe ngamazwe lapho bekhetha indlela yokuhamba. Ngempahla enenani eliphezulu, izindleko zesikhathi zivame ukuba phezulu kunezindleko zokuhamba. Thatha imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi njengesibonelo. Inani leyunithi yazo liphezulu futhi imakethe ishintsha ngokushesha. Uma ukulethwa sekuphuzile, kungabangela ukuthi umkhiqizo uphuthelwe ithuba lokuthengisa elihle kakhulu futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho. Ngokusho kwedatha evela ezikhungweni zocwaningo lwemakethe, inani lemakethe yemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi lingase lehle ngo-0.5% - 1% ngosuku ngalunye lokulethwa okulibazisekile. Ngakho-ke, abathengi bempahla enenani eliphezulu bakhetha ukuthuthwa emoyeni. Nakuba izindleko zokuthuthwa emoyeni ziphezulu, ingaletha izimpahla ngokushesha, inciphise ukusilela kwempahla kanye nezingozi zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise izindleko zesikhathi, ivikele inani lemakethe lezimpahla kanye nenzuzo yebhizinisi.

2.2 Umthamo wempahla kanye nesisindo: Impahla enkulu ifanelekela ukuthuthwa ngolwandle noma emhlabeni ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko
Umthamo kanye nesisindo sempahla nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhetheni indlela yokuhamba. Ngempahla enkulu, njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, imikhiqizo yezolimo, njll., umthamo kanye nesisindo sazo sikhulu, futhi izindleko zokuhamba ziba yinto ebalulekile. Ukuthuthwa ngolwandle sekuyinto yokuqala yokukhetha ukuthuthwa kwempahla enkulu ngenxa yomthamo wayo omkhulu kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izindleko zeyunithi zokuthutha ithani eli-1 lezimpahla ngomkhumbi ziyi-1/3 - 1/2 kuphela yalokho ngokuthuthwa komhlaba. Isibonelo, izindleko zokuthutha i-iron ore ukusuka eBrazil ukuya eShayina ngokuthuthwa kolwandle zingalawulwa phakathi kwama-US$10 nama-US$15 ngethani. Kwezinye izimpahla ezinkulu kodwa ezilula, njengemishini emikhulu nemishini, ukuthuthwa komhlaba (ikakhulukazi ukuthuthwa kwezitimela) nakho kuyisinqumo esihle. Ukuthuthwa kwezitimela kunomthamo omkhulu womthwalo kanye nemizila yokuhamba engaguquki, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa kanye nezingozi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izindleko zayo zokuhamba ziphansi, ezifanele ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezinjalo ibanga elide.

3. Isu lokulinganisela izidingo zomthengi

3.1 Izidingo eziphuthumayo: beka phambili ukuthuthwa ngendiza ukuqinisekisa ukulethwa ngesikhathi
Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zingalethwa ngesikhathi uma zibhekene nezidingo eziphuthumayo. Kulesi simo, ukuthuthwa ngendiza kuvame ukuba yindlela yokuhamba ekhethwayo. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), isikhathi esimaphakathi sokuthuthwa ngendiza siyi-1/10 kuphela saleso sokuthuthwa ngemikhumbi, futhi izimpahla zingalethwa ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba zingakapheli amahora angama-24. Isibonelo, lapho ibhizinisi lidinga ukugcwalisa ngokushesha isitokwe noma ukuphendula esidingweni semakethe esingazelelwe, isivinini sokuthuthwa ngendiza singanciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokuphelelwa yisitokwe futhi sigweme ukulahlekelwa ngamakhasimende kanye nokulahlekelwa yi-oda ngenxa yokulethwa okulibazisekile.
Thatha inkampani ekhiqiza imikhiqizo kagesi njengesibonelo. Kudingeka ithenge ama-chip anenani eliphezulu kubaphakeli bangaphandle ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Njengoba umjikelezo wokukhiqiza kanye nesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwama-chip kunomthelela omkhulu ohlelweni lokukhiqiza lwenkampani, uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka, kungabangela ukuthi umugqa wokukhiqiza ume. Ngakho-ke, inkampani ikhetha ukuthuthwa ngendiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-chip angafika ngesikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekise ukuqhubeka kokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kweminye imikhiqizo yesizini noma izimpahla ezinezidingo eziphezulu zesikhathi, njengezingubo zemfashini, izipho zeholide, njll., isivinini sokuthuthwa ngendiza singaqinisekisa nokuthi imikhiqizo ingafika emakethe ngesikhathi sokuthengisa esihle kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela yandise inzuzo.

3.2 Okubheka izindleko kakhulu: Khetha ezokuthutha zasemanzini noma zomhlaba ukuze unciphise izindleko zokuhamba
Kubathengi abakhathalela izindleko, izindleko zokuhamba ziyisici esibalulekile esithinta izinqumo zokuthenga. Kulesi simo, ukuthuthwa ngolwandle nasemhlabeni kuvame ukuba yizinketho ezifanele kakhulu. Ukuthuthwa ngolwandle sekuyinto yokuqala yokuthutha imithwalo emikhulu ngenxa yobuningi bayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-World Trade Organisation (WTO), ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kubalwa ngaphezu kuka-80% wohwebo lomhlaba wonke. Izindleko zeyunithi yokuthutha ithani eli-1 lezimpahla ngolwandle ziyi-1/3 - 1/2 kuphela yalokho ngokuthuthwa komhlaba. Isibonelo, izindleko ngethani lensimbi ethuthwa isuka eBrazil iya eShayina ngolwandle zingalawulwa phakathi kuka-US$10 no-US$15.
Ezokuthutha ngomgwaqo (ikakhulukazi ezokuthutha ngololiwe) nazo zinezinzuzo ekuthuthweni kwezimpahla ezinenani eliphakathi nezidingo zesikhathi esiphakathi. Ngokusho kwe-International Union of Railways (UIC), isivinini esimaphakathi sezokuthutha ngololiwe siphindwe ka-1.5 kunezokuthutha ngomgwaqo, kuyilapho izindleko ziphakeme kancane kunezokuthutha ngomgwaqo. Kwezinye izimpahla ezinomthamo omkhulu kodwa isisindo esincane, njengemishini emikhulu nemishini, ezokuthutha ngololiwe zinomthamo omkhulu womthwalo kanye nemizila yezokuthutha engaguquki, okunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa kanye nezingozi ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezokuthutha ngomgwaqo ziguquguquka kakhulu futhi zingazivumelanisa kangcono nezokuthutha ezikude kanye nezimpahla ezidinga impendulo esheshayo.
Kubathengi abakhathalela izindleko, ukukhetha ezokuthutha zasolwandle noma zomhlaba ngeke nje kunciphise kakhulu izindleko zokuhamba, kodwa futhi kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwenkampani kanye nokuncintisana ngokuphathwa kwempahla okunengqondo kanye nokwenza ngcono uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwempahla.

4. Ukucatshangelwa kokuthembeka kwesikhathi sokuhamba

4.1 Idumela lenkampani: Khetha inkampani enedumela eliphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi sokuhamba
Idumela lomthwali liyisici esibalulekile abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abangenakusishaya indiva lapho bekhetha indlela yokuhamba. Abathwali abanedumela eliphezulu bavame ukuba nohlelo lokuphatha izinto oluphelele kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhamba ezithembeke kakhulu, ezingaqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukuzinza kwesikhathi sokuhamba. Ngokusho kwemibiko evela ezikhungweni zocwaningo lwemboni, idumela lomthwali lihlobene kabi kakhulu nesilinganiso sokubambezeleka kokuhamba. Ngokwanda ngakunye kwe-10% kwedumela, izinga lokubambezeleka kokuhamba lingancishiswa cishe ngo-15%. Isibonelo, emkhakheni wokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla, abathwali abaziwayo njengeMaersk kanye neMediterranean Shipping (MSC) banganikeza isimiso sokuhamba esizinzile ngedumela labo elihle eliqongelelwe eminyakeni edlule. Laba bathwali bavame ukutshala izinsiza eziningi ekugcinweni kwemikhumbi, ukulungiswa komzila kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwechweba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zifika endaweni oya kuyo ngesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abathwali abanedumela eliphezulu nabo bazimisele kakhulu ukusayina izinkontileka nabathengi abanezigatshana zesiqinisekiso sesikhathi esicacile futhi banikeze isinxephezelo noma amakhambi afanele uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka, ngaleyo ndlela banikeze abathengi isivikelo esiqinile.

4.2 Ukuhlela umzila: Ukwenza ngcono imizila yezokuthutha ukuze kuncishiswe ukubambezeleka okungenzeka
Ukuhlela imizila yezokuthutha okunengqondo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukubambezeleka okungenzeka. Ngokwenza imizila yezokuthutha ibe ngcono, ukubambezeleka kwezokuthutha okubangelwa yizici ezifana nendawo, isimo sezepolitiki, kanye nokuminyana kwechweba kungagwenywa ngempumelelo. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukwenza imizila yezokuthutha ibe ngcono kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuthutha ngo-10% - 20% futhi kunciphise izindleko zokuthutha ngo-5% - 10%. Isibonelo, lapho ukhetha umzila wokuthutha olwandle, abathengi kufanele bazame ukugwema amanzi anemisebenzi yobugebengu obuvamile kanye nezindawo ezingazinzile kwezepolitiki, njengogwini lwaseSomalia kanye namanzi athile eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Uma ukhetha ukudlula echwebeni elimatasa, kufanele uqonde ukuminyana kwechweba kanye nokusebenza kahle kusenesikhathi, futhi unikeze kuqala amachweba anemisebenzi emihle. Uma uthatha ezokuthutha olwandle ukusuka eShayina ukuya eYurophu njengesibonelo, yize umzila odlula eSuez Canal umfushane, ungase ubambezeleke ngenxa yokuminyana kwechweba ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukukhetha ukudlula iCape of Good Hope kuzokwandisa uhambo, kodwa isikhathi sokuthutha singase sibe sizinzile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwezokuthutha zomhlaba, ukuhlela okunengqondo kwemizila yezokuthutha yesitimela kanye neyomgwaqo ukuze kugwenywe ukuminyana kwezimoto kanye nezindawo ezisengozini yezinhlekelele zemvelo nakho kunganciphisa ukubambezeleka kwezokuthutha ngempumelelo. Isibonelo, kwezokuthutha ngezitimela ngaphakathi kwezwekazi laseYurophu, ukukhetha imizila edlula emazweni anengqalasizinda ethuthukisiwe njengeJalimane nePoland kuzonikeza ukuthembeka okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokuhamba kunokudlula kwamanye amazwe anengqalasizinda embi.

5. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezindleko nesikhathi

5.1 Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko eziphelele: Cabanga ngezinto ezibanzi njengezindleko zokuhamba kanye nezindleko zokugcina impahla
Ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe, ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba akukwazi ukuthembela kuphela esicini esisodwa sezindleko zokuhamba, kodwa kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokuphelele izindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zokubamba impahla, izindleko zomshuwalense, izindleko zokulayisha nokulayisha impahla kanye nezinye izindleko. Ukuhlaziywa kwezindleko eziphelele kungabonisa kabanzi umthelela wangempela wezomnotho wezindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba.
Izindleko zokuhamba: Lesi yisici sezindleko esiqondakala kalula. Ukuthuthwa ngendiza kunezindleko eziphezulu kodwa kunesivinini esisheshayo, esifanele izimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu nezingadingi isikhathi; ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kunezindleko eziphansi kodwa kunesivinini esihamba kancane, esifanele izimpahla ezinkulu nezingenani eliphansi; ukuthuthwa komhlaba kunezindleko eziphakathi nendawo kanye nesivinini esiphakathi, esifanele izimpahla ezinenani eliphakathi nendawo nezingadingi isikhathi.
Izindleko zokubamba impahla: Izimpahla zithatha imali ngesikhathi sokuthutha, okuzokhiqiza izindleko zokubamba impahla. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemboni, izindleko zokubamba impahla zivame ukuba ngu-10% - 20% wenani lezimpahla. Isibonelo, emikhiqizweni ye-elekthronikhi enenani eliphezulu, izindleko zokubamba impahla ziphakeme, ngakho-ke izindlela zokuhamba ezisheshayo (njengokuhamba ngendiza) zinganciphisa isikhathi sokusebenza kwenhloko-dolobha futhi zinciphise izindleko zokubamba impahla.
Izindleko zomshuwalense: Izindleko zomshuwalense wezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi uma isikhathi sokuhamba siside, izindleko zomshuwalense ziphakeme kakhulu. Izindleko zomshuwalense wezokuthutha ngomkhumbi ziphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokuhamba.
Izindleko zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla: Uma izikhathi zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla eziningi, izindleko zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla ziphakeme. Ukuthuthwa komhlaba nolwandle kungase kuhilele ukulayisha nokukhipha impahla izikhathi eziningi, kuyilapho ukuthuthwa ngendiza kuvame ukuba nezikhathi ezimbalwa zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla. Isibonelo, uma kukhona ukuminyana kwamanye amachweba, isikhathi sokulayisha nokukhipha impahla siyandiswa futhi izindleko zokulayisha nokukhipha impahla nazo zizokhula.
Uma sicabangela lezi zici zezindleko, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe bangahlola ngokunembile izindleko eziphelele zezindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba. Isibonelo, ezimpahleni ezinenani eliphezulu nezithinta isikhathi, nakuba ezokuthutha emoyeni zinezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba, zingaletha ngokushesha, zinciphise izindleko zokugcina impahla kanye nezindleko zomshuwalense, futhi kungaba ukukhetha okungcono ngokombono wezindleko eziphelele.

5.2 Ukuhlolwa kwenani lesikhathi: Hlola izindleko zesikhathi ngokusekelwe enanini lemakethe kanye nesikhathi sezimpahla
Inani lesikhathi libhekisela ekushintsheni kwenani lezimpahla ngenxa yezikhathi ezahlukene zokuhamba. Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhlolwa kwenani lesikhathi kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ekulinganiseni izindleko nesikhathi.
Izimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu, ezithinta isikhathi, njengezinto zikagesi kanye nezimpahla zokunethezeka, zithinta isikhathi kakhulu. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemakethe, inani lemakethe lemikhiqizo kagesi lingase lehle ngo-0.5% - 1% ngosuku ngalunye lokulethwa okulibazisekile. Ngakho-ke, ezimpahleni ezinjalo, izindlela zokuhamba ngokushesha (njengokuhamba emoyeni) zinganciphisa izindleko zesikhathi futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zifika emakethe ngesikhathi sokuthengisa esihle kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela zandise inzuzo.
Izimpahla ezinkulu, ezinenani eliphansi, njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo, zinenani eliphansi emakethe futhi azinandaba nesikhathi, ngakho-ke izindleko zokuhamba ziba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kuhamba kancane, inzuzo yako ephansi inganciphisa kakhulu izindleko eziphelele.
Ezimpahleni ezinenani eliphakathi nesikhathi, njengemishini nezinto zokwakha, ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba kudinga ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nesikhathi. Ukuhamba komhlaba (ikakhulukazi ezokuthutha ngesitimela) kunezinzuzo ezithile kulokhu, ngesivinini sokuhamba esisheshayo kanye nezindleko ezimaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembeka kwesikhathi sokuhamba kuzothinta nenani lesikhathi. Izinkampani ezithwala impahla ezidumile kanye nemizila yezokuthutha ethuthukisiwe kunganciphisa ukubambezeleka kwezokuhamba futhi kwandise inani lesikhathi. Isibonelo, ukukhetha inkampani yokuthutha olwandle ethembekile, njengeMaersk kanye neMediterranean Shipping (MSC), kunganciphisa ngempumelelo izinga lokulibaziseka kwezokuthutha futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zifika ngesikhathi, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise inani lesikhathi.
Ngokuhlola ngokuphelele izindleko kanye nenani lesikhathi, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe bangathola ibhalansi engcono kakhulu phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba, ngaleyo ndlela bathuthukise izindleko kanye nesikhathi.

6. Uhlelo lokulinganisela lokuthuthwa kwezindlela eziningi

6.1 Imodi yokuthutha ehlanganisiwe: ukusebenzisa ezokuthutha eziningi ukulinganisela izindleko nesikhathi
Ukuthutha okunezindlela eziningi kubhekisela endleleni yokuthutha izimpahla ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zokuhamba. Kungalinganisela ngempumelelo izindleko nesikhathi futhi kunikeze abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ikhambi eliguquguqukayo.
Izinzuzo: Ukuthutha ngezimoto eziningi kuhlanganisa izinzuzo zezindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba. Isibonelo, ungasebenzisa kuqala ukuthutha ngezindiza ukuthutha izimpahla ngokushesha ziye endaweni yokuthutha, bese uthutha izimpahla ziye endaweni yokugcina ngokuhamba ngomkhumbi noma ngomkhumbi. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokusebenzisa isivinini sokuthutha ngezindiza, kodwa futhi isebenzisa izindleko eziphansi zokuthutha ngezimoto zomhlaba noma ngomkhumbi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukusetshenziswa kokuthutha ngezimoto eziningi kunganciphisa izindleko zokuthutha ngo-15% - 25% futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokuthutha ngo-10% - 15%.
Izimo ezisebenzayo: Kweminye imithwalo ethintekayo ngokwenani eliphakathi nendawo kanye nethintekayo ngokwesikhathi esimaphakathi, njengemishini nemishini kanye nezinto zokwakha, ukuthuthwa kwezindlela eziningi kuyindlela efanelekile. Lezi zimpahla zinezidingo ezithile zesikhathi sokuthuthwa, kodwa azithinteki ngokwesikhathi njengezimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu. Ngokuthuthwa kwezindlela eziningi, unganciphisa ngempumelelo izindleko zokuhamba ngenkathi uqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zifika ngesikhathi.
Icala: Uma sithatha ukuthuthwa kwemishini nemishini kusuka eShayina kuya eYurophu njengesibonelo, ungakhetha ukuthutha izimpahla ukuya e-Asia Ephakathi ngesitimela kuqala, bese uthutha izimpahla ziye endaweni yokugcina eYurophu ngomgwaqo. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokugwema isikhathi eside sokuthuthwa kolwandle, kodwa futhi inciphisa nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba emoyeni.

6.2 Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphuzu okudluliselwa kwempahla: Ukuhlela okunengqondo kwamaphuzu okudluliselwa kwempahla ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi kanye nezindleko zokuhamba
Ukuhlela okunengqondo kwamaphuzu okudluliselwa kwempahla kungenye yezihluthulelo zempumelelo yezokuthutha ngezindlela eziningi. Ukukhethwa kanye nokwenza ngcono amaphuzu okudluliselwa kwempahla kunganciphisa ngempumelelo isikhathi sokuthutha kanye nezindleko futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha.
Ukukhethwa kwezindawo zokuthutha: Uma ukhetha indawo yokuthutha, izici ezifana nendawo, ukulula kwezokuthutha, kanye nezindawo zokuthutha kudingeka zicatshangelwe. Isibonelo, ukukhetha ichweba noma isikhungo sesitimela esinezindawo zokuthutha ezilula kanye nezindawo zokuthutha eziphelele njengendawo yokuthutha kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nezikhathi zokulayisha nokulayisha izimpahla ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthutha. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Union of Railways (UIC), ukukhetha indawo yokuthutha okunengqondo kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuthutha ngo-10% - 15% futhi kunciphise izindleko zokulayisha nokulayisha ngo-10% - 20%.
Izinyathelo Zokwenza Kahle: Endaweni yokudluliselwa kwezimpahla, isikhathi sokuthutha kanye nezindleko kungancishiswa kakhulu ngokwenza ngcono inqubo yokulayisha nokukhipha impahla kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokuphathwa kwempahla. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokulayisha nokukhipha impahla ezenzakalelayo kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha nokukhipha impahla futhi kunciphise isikhathi sokulayisha nokukhipha impahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusungulwa kohlelo lokuphatha ulwazi lwempahla olusebenzayo kungalandelela indawo kanye nesimo sempahla ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okubushelelezi kwezimpahla ngesikhathi senqubo yokudluliselwa kwempahla.
Icala: Ekuthuthweni kwezindlela eziningi kusuka eShayina kuya eYurophu, i-Almaty eKazakhstan yakhethwa njengendawo yokuthutha impahla. I-Almaty inendawo engcono kakhulu, ezokuthutha ezilula, kanye nezindawo zokuthutha eziphelele. Ngokwenza ngcono inqubo yokulayisha nokulayisha impahla kanye nokusebenzisa imishini ezenzakalelayo, isikhathi sokuthutha impahla e-Almaty sancishiswa ngo-20% kanti izindleko zokulayisha nokulayisha impahla zancishiswa ngo-15%.

7. Ukuphathwa Kwengozi kanye Nohlelo Lwezimo Eziphuthumayo

7.1 Ukuhlonza Ingozi: Thola Izici Zengozi Ezingathinta Izindleko Nesikhathi Ngesikhathi Sokuhamba
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokuthutha yokuthengwa kwamanye amazwe, izici ezahlukahlukene zobungozi zingaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindlekweni nasesikhathini, futhi abathengi kudingeka benze ukuhlonza nokuhlola ubungozi okuphelele.
Izinhlekelele Zemvelo: Izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana neziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, izikhukhula, njll. zingase zibangele ukuphazamiseka noma ukubambezeleka emizileni yezokuthutha. Isibonelo, ukuzamazama komhlaba kwango-2011 eJapane kwabangela ukuthi amachweba amaningi avalwe, okwandise isikhathi sokuthuthwa kwezimpahla ezidlula eJapane ngamasonto ambalwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlekelele zemvelo zingase zikhulise nezindleko zomshuwalense wezimpahla, zikhulise izindleko zokuhamba.
Isimo Sezepolitiki: Ukungazinzi kwezepolitiki, impi, imisebenzi yobuphekula, njll. kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni kwezokuthutha kanye nesikhathi. Isibonelo, isiphithiphithi sezepolitiki eMpumalanga Ephakathi sibangele ukuthi imizila yemikhumbi esifundeni ivame ukubhekana nokubambezeleka kanye nokuhlolwa okwengeziwe kokuphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko esimweni sezepolitiki zingase ziholele nasemingceleni yezohwebo noma ekuvinjelweni, okwandisa izindleko zokuhamba.
Ukuminyana Kwechweba Nokuhamba Kwezimoto: Ukuminyana kwechweba kuyinkinga evamile kwezokuthutha zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semizila yokuhweba ematasa kanye nezinkathi zonyaka. Ngokusho kwe-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukuminyana kwechweba kungase kwandise isikhathi sokuthutha ngo-10% - 20%. Isibonelo, ukuminyana kweSuez Canal kuye kwandisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuthutha kwezimpahla eziningi. Ngokufanayo, ukuminyana kwezimoto kwezokuthutha zomhlaba kuzokwandisa nesikhathi sokuthutha kanye nezindleko.
Ukuthembeka kwenkampani yokuthutha: Idumela nokuthembeka kwenkampani yokuthutha kuthinta ngqo ukuzinza kwesikhathi sokuhamba. Izinkampani zokuthutha ezinedumela eliphansi zingase zibhekane namazinga aphezulu okulibaziseka kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani zokuthutha ezincane zasemanzini zingabangela ukubambezeleka kwezokuthutha ngenxa yokunakekelwa okunganele kwemikhumbi noma ukuhlela umzila okungafanele.
Izici zempahla: Izici zempahla, njengomthamo, isisindo, kanye nokubola kwayo, nazo zithinta izingozi zokuhamba. Isibonelo, izimpahla ezibolayo zidinga izimo ezikhethekile zokuhamba kanye nesikhathi sokuhamba esisheshayo, ngaphandle kwalokho kungabangela umonakalo wempahla kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpahla ezinenani eliphezulu zingaba yizisulu zokwebiwa nokukhwabanisa futhi zidinga izinyathelo zokuphepha eziphakeme.

7.2 Izinyathelo eziphuthumayo: Thuthukisa izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izimpahla zifika ngesikhathi
Ukuze babhekane nezici eziyingozi ezingenhla, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe badinga ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo eziphuthumayo eziphelele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zingafika endaweni yazo ngesikhathi ngenkathi zilawula izindleko zokuhamba.
Misa ezinye izindlela zokuhamba: Abathengi kufanele bahlele ezinye izindlela zokuhamba kusenesikhathi ukuze babhekane nokuphazamiseka noma ukubambezeleka emizileni emikhulu. Isibonelo, kwezokuthutha olwandle, ungakhetha ukuzungeza iCape of Good Hope ukuze ugweme ukuminyana eSuez Canal. Ezokuthutha zomhlaba, ungakhetha ezinye izindlela zesitimela noma zomgwaqo ukuze ubhekane nokuminyana kwezimoto noma izinhlekelele zemvelo.
Khetha inkampani yenethiwekhi enedumela eliphezulu: Ukusebenza nenkampani yenethiwekhi enedumela eliphezulu kanye nokuthembeka okuqinile kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ingozi yokubambezeleka kwezokuthutha. Izinkampani zenethiwekhi ezinedumela eliphezulu zivame ukunikeza amashejuli ezokuthutha azinzile futhi zinikeze isinxephezelo noma amakhambi uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka.
Thenga umshwalense wokuthutha: Ukuthenga umshwalense wokuthutha ofanele wezimpahla kungadlulisela izingozi ezingase zenzeke ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, njengomonakalo, ukulahleka noma ukubambezeleka kwezimpahla. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), umshwalense wokuthutha unganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okubangelwa izingozi.
Hlela uhlu lwezinto eziphuthumayo: Uma kwenzeka ukubambezeleka kokuthutha okungenzeka, abathengi bangasungula uhlu lwezinto eziphuthumayo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokukhiqiza noma ukuthengisa. Uhlu lwezinto eziphuthumayo lunganciphisa ingozi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngenxa yokubambezeleka kokuthutha, kodwa izindleko zokugcina izinto nazo kudingeka zicatshangelwe.
Ukuqapha nokuxhumana ngesikhathi sangempela: Sebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe zesimanje, njengezinhlelo zokulandelela izinto kanye namathuluzi okuxhumana ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuqapha isimo sokuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sangempela nokugcina ukuxhumana okuseduze nabathwali. Lokhu kusiza ukuhlonza izinkinga ezingaba khona ngesikhathi esifanele futhi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele.
Yakha izinhlelo eziphuthumayo: Yakha izinhlelo eziphuthumayo ezinemininingwane yezinto ezingaba yingozi. Isibonelo, ngezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinguquko esimweni sezepolitiki, ungalungisa umzila wezokuthutha noma ukhethe abathwali bezinsizakalo kusengaphambili. Ngokuminyana kwechweba, ungahlela ukuthi izimpahla zidluliselwe kwamanye amachweba kusengaphambili.