Me pēhea te whakataurite a ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi i te utu me te wā i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi momo kawe tangata?

Me pēhea te whakataurite a ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi i te utu me te wā i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi momo kawe tangata?

1. Ngā āhuatanga utu me te wā o ngā momo kawe waka

1.1 Te kawe waka rererangi: he nui te utu, he tere hoki
Ko te kawe waka rererangi te momo kawe tere rawa atu i roto i ngā hoko o te ao, ā, ka taea te tuku taonga mai i te tīmatanga ki te ūnga i roto i te wā poto. E ai ki te International Air Transport Association (IATA), ko te wā kawe waka rererangi he 1/10 noa iho i te wā kawe moana, ā, ka taea te tuku taonga ki te nuinga o ngā wāhi o te ao i roto i ngā haora 24. Heoi, he nui hoki te utu o te kawe waka rererangi. Hei tauira, ko te kawe i te 1 tana o ngā taonga, ko te utu uta o te kawe waka rererangi he 5-10 ngā wā i te wā kawe moana. Heoi anō, he nui ngā painga o te kawe waka rererangi i roto i te kawe i ngā taonga utu nui me ngā taonga wā-poto, pērā i ngā hua hiko, ngā taonga papai me ngā wāhanga tāpiri ohorere. He nui te utu o ēnei taonga, ā, he tere ake te kawe, nō reira, mā te whiriwhiri i te kawe waka rererangi ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu taonga me ngā mōrearea kore taonga.

1.2 Te kawe waka moana: he iti te utu, he puhoi hoki te tere
Ko te kawe waka moana tētahi o ngā momo kawe waka e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā hokohoko o te ao. He iti te utu, he nui hoki te rahinga kawe, ā, he pai mō te kawe i ngā taonga nui me ngā taonga iti te uara. E ai ki ngā tatauranga a te World Trade Organization (WTO), neke atu i te 80% o te katoa o te hokohoko o te ao te kawe waka moana. He iti noa te utu utanga o te kawe waka moana, ā, ko te utu mō te kawe i te 1 tana o ngā taonga he 1/5-1/10 noa iho o te utu mō te kawe waka rererangi. Heoi, he roa ake te wā kawe waka moana, ā, he maha ngā wiki, ngā marama rānei e pau ana ki te tuku i ngā taonga ki te ūnga. Nō reira, he pai te kawe waka moana mō ngā taonga kāore e aro nui ki te wā, pērā i ngā rauemi mata, ngā hua ahuwhenua me ngā taonga kaihoko noa.

1.3 Te kawe whenua: he utu taurite, he tere taurite
Kei roto i te kawe whenua te kawe rori me te kawe tereina, ā, ko tōna utu me tōna tere kei waenganui i te kawe rererangi me te kawe moana. Ko ngā āhuatanga o te kawe rori ko te ngāwari me te tere urupare tere, he mea e tika ana mō te kawe tawhiti poto me ngā taonga e hiahia ana kia tere te urupare. He pai te kawe tereina mō te kawe tawhiti, he iti te utu me te tere kawe. E ai ki te International Union of Railways (UIC), ko te tere toharite o te kawe tereina he 1.5 ngā wā o te kawe rori, engari he paku teitei ake te utu i te kawe rori. He painga tō te kawe whenua ki te kawe i ngā taonga he utu waenga me ngā whakaritenga wā waenga, pērā i te mīhini me ngā taputapu, ngā rauemi hanga, me ētahi atu.

2. Te pānga o ngā āhuatanga o te utanga ki te utu me te wā

2.1 Uara utanga: he pai ake ki ngā utanga utu nui te kawe waka rererangi hei whakaiti i te utu wā
He mea nui te uara o ngā utanga hei whakaaroaro mā ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi ina whiriwhiri ana i tētahi momo kawe. Mō ngā utanga utu nui, he nui ake te utu wā i te utu kawe. Hei tauira, me whakamahi ngā hua hiko. He nui te uara o ia taonga, ā, ka tere te huri o te mākete. Kia whakaroahia te tuku, ka ngaro pea te whai wāhitanga hoko pai rawa atu, ā, ka nui hoki ngā mate ōhanga. E ai ki ngā raraunga mai i ngā whare rangahau mākete, ka heke pea te uara mākete o ngā hua hiko mā te 0.5% - 1% mō ia rā o te tuku whakaroa. Nō reira, he pai ake ki ngā kaihoko o ngā utanga utu nui te kawe waka rererangi. Ahakoa he nui ngā utu kawe waka rererangi, ka taea e ia te tuku tere i ngā taonga, te whakaiti i ngā rarangi taonga me ngā mōrearea kore taonga, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu wā, ka tiakina te uara mākete o ngā taonga me ngā hua o te umanga.

2.2 Te rahinga me te taumaha o ngā utanga: He pai te utanga papatipu mō te kawe waka moana, whenua rānei hei whakaiti i ngā utu.
He pānga nui anō hoki te rahinga me te taumaha o ngā utanga ki te whiriwhiri i te momo kawe. Mō ngā utanga nui, pērā i ngā rauemi mata, ngā hua ahuwhenua, me ētahi atu, he nui te rahinga me te taumaha, ā, ko te utu kawe te mea nui. Ko te kawe moana te whiringa tuatahi mō te kawe utanga nui nā te nui me te iti o te utu. E kiia ana ko te utu mō te kawe i te 1 tana o ngā taonga mā te kawe moana he 1/3 - 1/2 noa iho o tērā mā te kawe whenua. Hei tauira, ko te utu mō te kawe i te rino mai i Brazil ki Haina mā te kawe moana ka taea te whakahaere i waenga i te US$10 me te US$15 mō ia tana. Mō ētahi taonga nui engari he māmā, pērā i ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu nui, he whiringa pai hoki te kawe whenua (ina koa ko te kawe tereina). He nui te kaha kawenga o te kawe tereina, ā, he pumau ngā huarahi kawe, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā mate me ngā mōrearea i te wā e kawe ana. I taua wā anō, he iti te utu kawe, he pai mō te kawe tawhiti o aua taonga.

3. Rautaki taurite mō ngā hiahia o te kaihoko

3.1 Ngā hiahia nui: me whakarite kia tukuna wawetia ngā mea ki te waka rererangi
Mō ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi, he mea nui kia whakarite kia taea te tuku i ngā taonga i te wā tika ina pāngia e ngā hiahia ohorere. I tēnei wā, ko te kawe waka rererangi te momo kawe waka e pai ana. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Air Transport Association (IATA), ko te wā kawe waka rererangi he 1/10 noa iho i tērā o te kawe waka moana, ā, ka taea te tuku taonga ki te nuinga o ngā wāhi o te ao i roto i ngā haora 24. Hei tauira, ina hiahia tētahi umanga ki te whakakī tere i ngā taonga, ki te whakautu rānei ki te tono ohorere o te mākete, ka taea e te tere o te kawe waka rererangi te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te korenga o ngā taonga me te karo i te ngaronga o ngā kaihoko me te ngaronga ota nā te tukunga whakaroa.
Hei tauira, me hoko e te kamupene hanga hua hiko he maramara utu nui mai i ngā kaiwhakarato o tāwāhi i te wā e whakaputa ana. Nā te mea he pānga nui te huringa whakaputa me te wā kawe o ngā maramara ki te mahere whakaputa a te kamupene, ina puta he whakaroa, ka mutu pea te raina whakaputa. Nō reira, he pai ake ki te kamupene te kawe waka rererangi kia taea ai te tae mai o ngā maramara i te wā tika, kia mau tonu ai te whakaputa. Hei tāpiri, mō ētahi hua o te wā, ngā taonga rānei e hiahiatia ana he tere te wā, pērā i ngā kākahu ahua, ngā koha hararei, me ētahi atu, mā te tere o te kawe waka rererangi ka taea hoki te whakarite kia tae atu ngā hua ki te mākete i roto i te wā hoko pai rawa atu, kia nui ake ai ngā hua.

3.2 Te aro nui ki te utu: Kōwhiria te kawe waka moana, whenua rānei hei whakaiti i ngā utu kawe waka
Mō ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te utu, he mea nui ngā utu kawe waka e pā ana ki ngā whakataunga hoko. I tēnei wā, ko te kawe waka moana me te kawe waka whenua te mea tika ake. Kua noho te kawe waka moana hei whiringa tuatahi mō te kawe utanga nui nā te nui o te rahinga me te iti o te utu. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te World Trade Organization (WTO), neke atu i te 80% o te katoa o te hokohoko o te ao te kawe waka moana. Ko te utu mō ia tana o ngā taonga i te moana he 1/3 - 1/2 noa iho o tērā mā te kawe waka whenua. Hei tauira, ko te utu mō ia tana o te rino rino i kawehia mai i Brazil ki Haina i te moana ka taea te whakahaere i waenga i te US$10 me te US$15.
He painga anō hoki tō te kawe whenua (ina koa ko te kawe tereina) mō te kawe i ngā taonga he utu waenga, he wā tika hoki. E ai ki te International Union of Railways (UIC), ko te tere toharite o te kawe tereina he 1.5 ngā wā i te kawe rori, engari he paku teitei ake te utu i te kawe rori. Mō ētahi taonga he nui te rahinga engari he māmā te taumaha, pērā i ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu nui, he nui te kaha kawenga o te kawe tereina, ā, he pumau tonu ngā huarahi kawe, ka taea ai te whakaiti i ngā mate me ngā mōrearea i te wā e kawe ana. Hei tāpiri, he tino ngāwari te kawe whenua, ā, ka pai ake te urutau ki te kawe tawhiti poto me ngā taonga e hiahia ana kia tere te urupare.
Mō ngā kaihoko e aro nui ana ki te utu, mā te whiriwhiri i te kawe waka moana, whenua rānei, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe, engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere me te whakataetae a te kamupene mā te whakahaere rawa me te arotau i te mekameka tuku.

4. Te whakaaro ki te pono o te wā kawe

4.1 Rongonui o te kaikawe: Kōwhiria he kaikawe rongonui hei whakarite i te pumau o te wā kawe
He mea nui te ingoa o te kaikawe e kore e taea e ngā kaihoko o te ao te wareware i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi momo kawe. Ko ngā kaikawe rongonui he tikanga he pūnaha whakahaere rawaka ake, he ratonga kawe pono ake hoki, ka taea ai te whakarite i te pumau o te wā kawe. E ai ki ngā pūrongo mai i ngā umanga rangahau ahumahi, he hononga kino te ingoa o te kaikawe ki te tere o te whakaroa o te kawe. Mō ia pikinga 10% o te ingoa, ka taea te whakaiti i te tere o te whakaroa o te kawe mā te 15%. Hei tauira, i roto i te mara o te kawe kaipuke, ka taea e ngā kaikawe rongonui pērā i a Maersk me Mediterranean Shipping (MSC) te whakarato i tētahi kaupapa kawe pumau me tō rātou ingoa pai kua kohia i roto i ngā tau. He tikanga tēnei ka haumihia e ēnei kaikawe he nui ngā rauemi ki te tiaki kaipuke, te arotau huarahi me te whakarite tauranga kia tae mai ai ngā taonga ki te ūnga i te wā tika. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kaikawe rongonui he tikanga pai ake ki te haina kirimana me ngā kaihoko me ngā rarangi taurangi wā mārama me te whakarato utu, rongoā rānei e rite ana mēnā ka whakaroa, kia kaha ake ai te tiaki i ngā kaihoko.

4.2 Te whakamahere huarahi: Te arotau i ngā huarahi kawe waka hei whakaiti i ngā whakaroa pea
He mea nui te whakamahere huarahi kawe waka whaitake hei whakaiti i ngā whakaroa pea. Mā te arotau i ngā huarahi kawe waka, ka taea te karo pai i ngā whakaroa kawe waka nā ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te taiao whenua, te āhua tōrangapū, me te kikī o te tauranga. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Logistics Association (ILA), mā te arotau i ngā huarahi kawe waka ka taea te whakapoto i te wā kawe waka mā te 10% - 20% me te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe waka mā te 5% - 10%. Hei tauira, i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi huarahi kawe waka moana, me ngana ngā kaihoko ki te karo i ngā wai e maha ana ngā mahi pāhua me ngā wāhi koretake o te tōrangapū, pēnei i te takutai moana o Somalia me ētahi wai i te Middle East. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana koe ki te haere mā roto i tētahi tauranga pukumahi, me mārama koe ki te kikī o te tauranga me te whai huatanga o te whakahaere i mua, me te whakarite i ngā tauranga he pai ngā mahi. Hei tauira, ahakoa he poto ake te huarahi mā roto i te Awa o Suez, tera pea ka whakaroahia nā te kikī o te awa i ētahi wā. I tēnei wā, mā te whiriwhiri ki te karo i te Cape of Good Hope ka nui ake te haerenga, engari tera pea ka pumau ake te wā kawe waka. Hei tāpiri, mō te kawe waka whenua, ko te whakamahere whaitake i ngā huarahi tereina me te kawe waka rori hei karo i te kikī o te waka me ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e ngā āhuatanga kino o te taiao ka taea hoki te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa kawe waka. Hei tauira, i roto i te kawe tereina i roto i te whenua o Ūropi, mā te whiriwhiri i ngā huarahi mā roto i ngā whenua he pai te whanaketanga o ngā hanganga pērā i a Tiamana me Pōrana ka nui ake te pono o te wā kawe i tērā mā roto i ētahi whenua he ngoikore ngā hanganga.

5. Aromatawai whānuitia o te utu me te wā

5.1 Tātaritanga utu katoa: Whakaarohia ngā āhuatanga whānui pēnei i te utu kawe me te utu pupuri taonga
I roto i ngā hokohoko o te ao, kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te momo kawe waka e whakawhirinaki anake ki te utu kawe waka kotahi, engari me whai whakaaro whānui ki te utu kawe waka, te utu pupuri taonga, te utu inihua, te utu uta me te tango taonga me ētahi atu utu. Mā te tātari i te utu katoa ka taea te whakaata whānui ake i te pānga ōhanga tuturu o ngā momo kawe waka rerekē.
Te utu mō te kawe waka: Koinei te mea tino māmā ki te mōhio. Ko te kawe waka rererangi te mea nui rawa te utu engari he tere, he pai mō ngā taonga utu nui me te wā-poto; ko te kawe waka moana te mea iti rawa te utu engari he puhoi te tere, he pai mō ngā taonga papatipu me te iti te utu; ko te kawe waka whenua he utu waenga, he tere waenga, he pai mō ngā taonga utu waenga me te wā-poto.
Te utu pupuri taonga: Ka noho ngā taonga ki te moni i te wā e kawe ana, ā, ka puta ake ngā utu pupuri taonga. E ai ki ngā rangahau ahumahi, ko te utu pupuri taonga te tikanga he 10% - 20% o te uara o ngā taonga. Hei tauira, mō ngā hua hiko utu nui, he nui ake ngā utu pupuri taonga, nō reira ka taea e ngā tikanga kawe tere (pēnei i te kawe rererangi) te whakaiti i te wā noho o te whakapaipai me te whakaiti i ngā utu pupuri taonga.
Ngā utu inihua: He nui ngā utu inihua mō ngā taonga utu nui, ā, ki te roa te wā kawe, ka nui ake te utu tāpiri o ngā utu inihua. He nui te utu tāpiri o ngā utu inihua mō te kawe moana nā te roa o te wā kawe.
Ngā utu uta me te tango: Ka nui ake ngā utu uta me te tango. Tērā pea he maha ngā uta me te tango i ngā waka whenua me te moana, engari he iti ake ngā wā uta me te tango i ngā waka rererangi. Hei tauira, mēnā he pukumahi ētahi tauranga, ka roa ake te wā uta me te tango i ngā taonga, ā, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu uta me te tango.
Mā te whai whakaaro ki ēnei āhuatanga utu, ka taea e ngā kaihoko o te ao te aromatawai tika ake i te utu katoa o ngā momo kawe waka rerekē. Hei tauira, mō ngā taonga utu nui me te wā-poto, ahakoa he nui ngā utu kawe waka rererangi, ka taea te tuku tere, te whakaiti i ngā utu pupuri taonga me ngā utu inihua, ā, he pai ake pea te whiriwhiri mai i te tirohanga utu katoa.

5.2 Aromatawai uara wā: Aromatawaihia te utu wā i runga i te uara mākete me te wā tika o ngā taonga
Ko te uara wā e pā ana ki te huringa o te uara o ngā taonga nā ngā wā kawe rerekē. Mō ngā kaihoko o tāwāhi, ko te aromatawai i te uara wā tētahi o ngā mea matua hei whakataurite i te utu me te wā.
He tino ātete ki te wā ngā taonga utu nui, he mea nui te wā, pērā i ngā hikohiko me ngā taonga papai. E ai ki ngā rangahau mākete, ka heke pea te uara mākete o ngā hua hikohiko mā te 0.5% - 1% mō ia rā o te tukunga whakaroa. Nō reira, mō ēnei taonga, mā ngā tikanga kawe tere (pērā i te kawe rererangi) ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu wā, me te whakarite kia tae atu ngā taonga ki te mākete i roto i te wā hoko pai rawa atu, ā, mā reira ka nui ake ngā hua.
He iti te uara mākete o ngā taonga papatipu, iti te uara, pērā i ngā rauemi mata me ngā hua ahuwhenua, ā, kāore e pāngia e te wā, nō reira ko ngā utu kawe te mea nui hei whakaaroaro. Ahakoa he puhoi te kawe moana, mā te iti o te utu ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu katoa.
Mō ngā taonga utu-waenga, he mea nui te wā, pērā i te mīhini me ngā rauemi hanga, me taurite te utu me te wā ki te whiriwhiri i te tikanga kawe. He painga anō tō te kawe whenua (ina koa ko te kawe tereina), arā, he tere ake te kawe me te utu taurite.
Hei tāpiritanga, ka pā anō hoki te pono o te wā kawe ki te uara o te wā. Mā ngā kaikawe rongonui me ngā huarahi kawe kua arotauhia ka taea te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa kawe me te whakanui ake i te uara o te wā. Hei tauira, mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi kaikawe moana rongonui, pērā i a Maersk me Mediterranean Shipping (MSC), ka taea te whakaiti i te tere whakaroa kawe me te whakarite kia tae mai ngā taonga i te wā tika, ā, ka whakanui ake i te uara o te wā.
Mā te aromatawai whānui i te utu katoa me te uara o te wā, ka taea e ngā kaihoko o te ao te kimi i te taurite pai i waenga i ngā momo huarahi kawe waka rerekē, ā, mā te reira ka pai ake te utu me te wā.

6. Te mahere taurite o te kawe waka maha-ara

6.1 Aratau kawe whakakotahi: te whakamahi i te kawe maha-ara hei whakataurite i te utu me te wā
Ko te kawe waka maha-ara he huarahi kawe taonga mā te whakakotahi i ngā momo kawe e rua, neke atu rānei. Ka taea e ia te whakataurite i te utu me te wā, ā, ka taea hoki e ngā kaihoko o te ao te whakarato i tētahi otinga ngāwari.
Ngā Painga: Ka whakakotahi te kawe waka maha-ara i ngā painga o ngā momo kawe rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te kawe waka rererangi hei kawe tere i ngā taonga ki tētahi wāhi whakawhiti, kātahi ka kawe i ngā taonga ki te ūnga whakamutunga mā te kawe whenua, moana rānei. Ehara i te mea ka whakamahia e tēnei tikanga te tere o te kawe waka rererangi anake, engari ka whakamahia hoki te utu iti o te kawe whenua, moana rānei. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Logistics Association (ILA), mā te whakamahi i te kawe waka maha-ara ka taea te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe mā te 15% - 25% me te whakapoto i te wā kawe mā te 10% - 15%.
Ngā āhuatanga e tika ana: Mō ētahi taonga utu-waenga me ngā taonga utu-waenga, pērā i ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu me ngā rauemi hanga, he kōwhiringa pai te kawe waka maha-momo. He whakaritenga mō te wā kawe mō ēnei taonga, engari kāore i te rite te tere o te kawe ki ngā taonga utu nui. Mā te kawe waka maha-momo, ka taea e koe te whakaiti i ngā utu kawe me te whakarite kia tae mai ngā taonga i te wā tika.
Tauira: Hei tauira, mō te kawe i ngā mīhini me ngā taputapu mai i Haina ki Ūropi, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri ki te kawe i ngā taonga ki Āhia Waenganui mā te tereina i te tuatahi, kātahi ka kawe i ngā taonga ki te ūnga whakamutunga ki Ūropi mā te rori. Ehara i te mea ka karohia noa e tēnei tikanga te roa o te kawe i te waka moana, engari ka whakaitihia hoki te utu nui o te kawe rererangi.

6.2 Te arotau i ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti kaipuke: Te whakamahere whaitake o ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti kaipuke hei whakaiti i te wā me te utu whakawhiti
Ko te whakamahere whaitake mō ngā wāhi whakawhiti kaipuke tētahi o ngā kī ki te angitu o te kawe waka maha-momo. Mā te whiriwhiri me te arotau i ngā wāhi whakawhiti kaipuke ka taea te whakaiti i te wā me te utu o te kawe waka, me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te kawe waka.
Te whiriwhiri i te wāhi whakawhiti: I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i te wāhi whakawhiti, me whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te tauwāhi whenua, te ngāwari o te kawe, me ngā whakaurunga whakahaere. Hei tauira, mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi tauranga, i tētahi pokapū rerewē rānei me te kawe watea me ngā whakaurunga whakahaere katoa hei wāhi whakawhiti ka taea te whakaiti i te wā noho me te wā uta me te tango i ngā taonga i te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Union of Railways (UIC), mā te whiriwhiri i te wāhi whakawhiti tika ka taea te whakapoto i te wā whakawhiti mā te 10% - 15% me te whakaiti i ngā utu uta me te tango i ngā taonga mā te 10% - 20%.
Ngā mahi arotau: I te wāhi whakawhiti kaipuke, ka taea te whakaiti ake i te wā whakawhiti me te utu mā te arotau i te tukanga uta me te tango me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere ratonga kawe. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu uta me te tango aunoa ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te uta me te tango me te whakaiti i te wā uta me te tango. Hei tāpiri, mā te whakatūnga o tētahi pūnaha whakahaere mōhiohio ratonga kawe whai hua ka taea te whai i te wāhi me te āhua o ngā taonga i te wā tūturu kia pai ai te hononga o ngā taonga i te wā o te tukanga whakawhiti kaipuke.
Take: I roto i te kawe waka maha-ara mai i Haina ki Ūropi, i whiriwhiria a Almaty i Kazakhstan hei wāhi whakawhiti. He pai ake te taunga whenua o Almaty, he watea te kawe waka, ā, he katoa ngā ratonga kawe waka. Mā te arotau i te tukanga uta me te tango taonga, me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu aunoa, i whakapotoa te wā kawe taonga i Almaty mā te 20%, ā, i whakaitihia ngā utu uta me te tango taonga mā te 15%.

7. Te Whakahaere Mōrearea me te Mahere Āhuatanga

7.1 Te Tāutu i te Mōrearea: Te Tāutu i ngā Āhuatanga Mōrearea ka Pā ki te Utu me te Wā i te Wā e Kawea Ana
I te wā o te tukanga kawe o ngā hoko mai i tāwāhi, he maha ngā āhuatanga mōrearea ka pā nui ki te utu me te wā, ā, me whakahaere e ngā kaihoko te tautuhi me te aromatawai mōrearea whānui.
Ngā Āhuatanga Taiao: Ka raru pea ngā huarahi kawe waka nā ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i ngā awhiowhio, ngā rū whenua, ngā waipuke, me ētahi atu. Hei tauira, nā te rū whenua o te tau 2011 i Hapani i kati ai te maha o ngā tauranga, ā, i roa ake ai te wā kawe waka o ngā taonga e haere ana i roto i a Hapani mō ētahi wiki. Hei tāpiri, ka piki ake pea ngā utu inihua o ngā taonga e ngā āhuatanga taiao, ka piki ake ai ngā utu kawe waka.
Āhuatanga Tōrangapū: Tērā pea ka pā kino te kore pumau o te ao tōrangapū, te pakanga, ngā mahi kaiwhakatuma, me ētahi atu ki te haumaru me te wā o te kawe waka. Hei tauira, nā te raruraru tōrangapū i te Middle East i maha ai ngā wā ka pāngia ngā huarahi kaipuke e te whakaroa me ngā tirotiro haumarutanga tāpiri. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā panonitanga o te āhua tōrangapū ka arahi pea ki ngā here hokohoko, ki ngā aukati rānei, ka piki ake ai ngā utu kawe waka.
Te Pūngao o te Tauranga me te Waka: He raruraru noa te pūngao o te tauranga i roto i te kawe waka moana, inā koa i ngā huarahi hokohoko me ngā wā pukumahi. E ai ki te International Logistics Association (ILA), ka roa ake pea te wā kawe waka nā te pūngao o te tauranga mā te 10% - 20%. Hei tauira, kua nui ake te wā kawe o te maha o ngā taonga nā te pūngao o te Awa o Suez. Waihoki, ka nui ake hoki te wā kawe me te utu o te kawe waka i roto i te whenua nā te pūngao o te waka.
Te pono o te kaikawe: Ka pā tika te rongonui me te pono o te kaikawe ki te pumau o te wā kawe. Tērā pea ka nui ake ngā whakaroa me ngā utu kawe mō ngā kaikawe iti te ingoa. Hei tauira, ka whakaroa pea ētahi kaikawe moana iti i ngā kawe nā te kore e ranea te tiaki kaipuke, nā te kore rānei e tika te whakamahere huarahi.
Ngā āhuatanga o te utanga: Ka pāngia hoki ngā tūponotanga o te kawe e ngā āhuatanga o te utanga, pērā i te rahinga, te taumaha, me te pirau. Hei tauira, me whai tikanga kawe motuhake me te tere o te kawe i ngā taonga pirau, ki te kore ka kino pea te utanga me te ngaronga ōhanga. Hei tāpiri, he nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā taonga utu nui ki te tahae me te tinihanga, ā, me whai tikanga haumaru teitei ake.

7.2 Ngā mahi āwhina āwhati: Te whakawhanake i ngā mahere āwhina hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga āwhina, me te whakarite kia tae mai ngā taonga i te wā tika.
Hei whakatau i ngā āhuatanga mōrearea o runga ake nei, me whakawhanake e ngā kaihoko o te ao he mahere whawhati tata whānui kia taea ai e ngā taonga te tae atu ki te ūnga i te wā tika, me te whakahaere hoki i ngā utu kawe.
Whakatūria he ara kawe waka rerekē: Me whakamahere ngā kaihoko i ngā ara kawe waka rerekē i mua i te wā hei whakatau i ngā aukati, i ngā whakaroa rānei i ngā ara matua. Hei tauira, i roto i te kawe waka moana, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri ki te haereere i te Cape of Good Hope hei karo i te kīkī i roto i te Awa o Suez. Mō te kawe waka whenua, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri i ngā ara rerewē, ara rori rānei hei whakatau i te kīkī o ngā waka, i ngā āhuatanga taiao rānei.
Kōwhiria he kaikawe rongonui: Mā te mahi tahi me tētahi kaikawe rongonui, pono hoki, ka taea te whakaiti i te tūponotanga o ngā whakaroa o te kawe. Ko ngā kaikawe rongonui te tikanga ka whakarato i ngā wātaka kawe pumau ake, ā, ka whakarato utu, rongoā rānei mēnā ka whakaroa.
Hokona he inihua kawe: Mā te hoko inihua kawe tika mō ngā taonga ka taea te whakawhiti i ngā mōrearea ka puta i te wā e kawe ana, pērā i te kino, te ngaronga, te whakaroa rānei o ngā taonga. E ai ki ngā tatauranga mai i te International Logistics Association (ILA), ka taea e te inihua kawe te whakaiti i ngā mate ōhanga i puta mai i ngā mōrearea.
Whakatūria he rarangi taonga ohorere: Mēnā ka roa pea te kawe waka, ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whakatū rarangi taonga ohorere hei whakarite i te haere tonu o te whakaputanga, o ngā hoko rānei. Ka taea e ngā rarangi taonga ohorere te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te korenga o ngā taonga nā te roa o te kawe waka, engari me whai whakaaro anō hoki ki ngā utu pupuri taonga.
Te aroturuki me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i te wā tūturu: Whakamahia ngā tikanga hangarau hou, pērā i ngā pūnaha aroturuki mahi me ngā taputapu whakawhitiwhiti kōrero i te wā tūturu, hei aroturuki i te āhua o te kawe taonga i te wā tūturu, hei pupuri hoki i te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero tata ki ngā kaikawe. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā raruraru pea i te wā tika, me te mahi i ngā mahi e tika ana.
Te whakawhanake i ngā mahere ohorere: Te whakawhanake i ngā mahere ohorere taipitopito mō ngā āhuatanga mōrearea pea. Hei tauira, mō ngā āhuatanga ā-taiao, ngā huringa rānei o te āhua tōrangapū, ka taea e koe te whakarerekē i te huarahi kawe, te whiriwhiri rānei i ngā kaikawe tārua i mua. Mō te noho puku o te tauranga, ka taea e koe te whakarite kia whakawhitia ngā taonga ki ētahi atu tauranga i mua.