Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe balinganisa njani iindleko kunye nexesha xa bekhetha indlela yokuthutha?

Abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe balinganisa njani iindleko kunye nexesha xa bekhetha indlela yokuthutha?

1. Iimpawu zeendleko kunye nexesha zeendlela zothutho

1.1 Uthutho lomoya: ixabiso eliphezulu kunye nesantya esikhawulezayo
Uthutho lomoya yeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo yokuthutha impahla kumazwe ngamazwe, kwaye lunokuhambisa impahla ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ukuya kwindawo oya kuyo ngexesha elifutshane. Ngokutsho kwe-International Air Transport Association (IATA), ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuthuthwa komoya liyi-1/10 kuphela lelo lokuthuthwa kolwandle, kwaye iimpahla zinokuthunyelwa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kwiiyure ezingama-24. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lokuthuthwa komoya nalo liphezulu. Ukuthatha ukuthuthwa kwetoni enye yeempahla njengomzekelo, ukuthuthwa komoya kudla ngokuphindwe kahlanu ukuya kwi-10 kunelo lokuthuthwa kolwandle. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthuthwa komoya kuneengenelo ezibalulekileyo ekuthuthweni kweempahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu nezinobunzima bexesha, ezifana neemveliso ze-elektroniki, iimpahla zodidi oluphezulu kunye nezinto ezingasetyenziswayo ngexesha likaxakeka. Ezi mpahla zinexabiso eliphezulu kwaye zinobunzima bexesha lokuthuthwa, ngoko ke ukukhetha ukuthuthwa komoya kunokunciphisa iindleko zokugcina impahla kunye neengozi zokuphelelwa yimpahla.

1.2 Uthutho lwaselwandle: ixabiso eliphantsi kunye nesantya esicothayo
Uthutho lwaselwandle yenye yezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuthengeni impahla kumazwe ngamazwe. Inexabiso eliphantsi kunye nomthamo omkhulu wothutho, kwaye ifanelekile ukuthutha impahla enkulu kunye neempahla ezinexabiso eliphantsi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwiWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), uthutho lwaselwandle lubangela ngaphezulu kwe-80% yorhwebo lwehlabathi liphela. Izinga lokuthuthwa kwempahla yolwandle liphantsi kakhulu, kwaye iindleko zokuthutha itoni enye yeempahla yi-1/5-1/10 kuphela yezothutho lwasemoyeni. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha lokuthuthwa kwempahla yolwandle lide, kwaye kudla ngokuthatha iiveki okanye iinyanga ukuhambisa impahla kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Ke ngoko, uthutho lwaselwandle lufanelekile kwiimpahla ezingakhathaliyo ngexesha, ezifana nezinto zokwenza imveliso, iimveliso zezolimo kunye neempahla eziqhelekileyo zabathengi.

1.3 Uthutho lomhlaba: ixabiso eliphakathi kunye nesantya esiphakathi
Uthutho lomhlaba luquka uthutho lwendlela kunye nothutho lwesitimela, kwaye iindleko kunye nesantya salo ziphakathi kothutho lomoya kunye nothutho lwaselwandle. Uthutho lwendlela luneempawu zokuguquguquka okuphezulu kunye nesantya sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, esifanelekileyo kuthutho lomgama omfutshane kunye neempahla ezifuna impendulo ekhawulezileyo. Uthutho lwendlela lufanelekile kuthutho lomgama omde, ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nesantya sokuhamba ngokukhawuleza. Ngokutsho kwe-International Union of Railways (UIC), isantya esiphakathi sothutho lwendlela siphindwe kayi-1.5 kunesothutho lwendlela, ngelixa ixabiso liphezulu kancinci kunelothutho lwendlela. Uthutho lomhlaba luneengenelo ekuthuthweni kweempahla ezinexabiso eliphakathi kunye neemfuno zexesha eliphakathi, ezifana noomatshini nezixhobo, izixhobo zokwakha, njl.

2. Impembelelo yeempawu zemithwalo kwixabiso kunye nexesha

2.1 Ixabiso lempahla: impahla enexabiso eliphezulu ikhetha ukuthuthwa ngenqwelo moya ukuze inciphise iindleko zexesha
Ixabiso lempahla libaluleke kakhulu kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe xa bekhetha indlela yokuthutha. Kwimpahla enexabiso eliphezulu, iindleko zexesha zihlala ziphezulu kuneendleko zokuthutha. Thatha umzekelo weemveliso ze-elektroniki. Ixabiso lazo liphezulu kwaye imakethi itshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Nje ukuba ukuhanjiswa kulibaziseke, kunokubangela ukuba imveliso iphoswe lithuba elihle lokuthengisa kwaye kubangele ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Ngokwedatha evela kumaziko ophando lwemarike, ixabiso lemarike yeemveliso ze-elektroniki linokuhla nge-0.5% - 1% kuyo yonke imihla yokuhanjiswa okulibazisekayo. Ke ngoko, abathengi bempahla enexabiso eliphezulu bakhetha ukuthutha ngomoya. Nangona iindleko zokuthutha ngomoya ziphezulu, zinokuhambisa iimpahla ngokukhawuleza, zinciphise ukusilela kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye neengozi zokuphelelwa yimpahla, ngaloo ndlela zinciphise iindleko zexesha, zikhusele ixabiso lemarike leempahla kunye nemida yenzuzo yeshishini.

2.2 Ubungakanani bempahla kunye nobunzima: Impahla eninzi ifanelekile ukuthuthwa ngolwandle okanye emhlabeni ukunciphisa iindleko
Umthamo kunye nobunzima bempahla nazo zinempembelelo enkulu ekukhetheni indlela yokuthutha. Kwimpahla enkulu, njengezinto zokwenza imveliso, iimveliso zezolimo, njl.njl., umthamo kunye nobunzima bazo bukhulu, kwaye iindleko zokuthutha ziba yinto ephambili. Ukuthutha ngolwandle kube lukhetho lokuqala lokuthuthwa kwempahla enkulu ngenxa yomthamo wayo omkhulu kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ixabiso leyunithi yokuthutha itoni e-1 yeempahla ngokuthutha ngolwandle yi-1/3 - 1/2 kuphela yoko ngokuthutha ngolwandle. Umzekelo, iindleko zokuthutha i-iron ore ukusuka eBrazil ukuya eTshayina ngokuthutha ngolwandle zinokulawulwa phakathi kwe-US$10 kunye ne-US$15 ngetoni. Kwezinye iimpahla ezinkulu kodwa ezilula, ezifana noomatshini abakhulu kunye nezixhobo, ukuthutha ngololiwe (ingakumbi ukuthutha ngololiwe) nako lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Ukuthutha ngololiwe kunomthamo omkhulu womthwalo kunye neendlela zokuthutha ezizinzileyo, ezinokunciphisa ngempumelelo ilahleko kunye nemingcipheko ngexesha lokuthutha. Kwangaxeshanye, iindleko zokuthutha zalo ziphantsi, ezifanelekileyo ukuthuthwa komgama omde kweempahla ezinjalo.

3. Icebo lokulinganisela iimfuno zomthengi

3.1 Iimfuno ezingxamisekileyo: beka phambili ukuthuthwa ngenqwelo-moya ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo
Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zinokuziswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo xa zijongene neemfuno ezingxamisekileyo. Kule meko, ukuthuthwa ngomoya kudla ngokuba yindlela ekhethwayo yokuthuthwa. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuthuthwa ngomoya liyi-1/10 kuphela lelo lokuthuthwa ngolwandle, kwaye iimpahla zinokuziswa kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kwiiyure ezingama-24. Umzekelo, xa ishishini lifuna ukugcwalisa ngokukhawuleza uluhlu lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo okanye liphendule kwimfuno yemarike ngequbuliso, isantya sokuthuthwa ngomoya sinokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokuphelelwa sisitokhwe kwaye kuthintelwe ukulahleka kwabathengi kunye nokulahleka kwe-odolo ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa.
Umzekelo, cinga ngenkampani eyenza imveliso ye-elektroniki. Kufuneka ithenge iitships ezixabiso liphezulu kubathengisi bamanye amazwe ngexesha lenkqubo yemveliso. Ekubeni umjikelo wemveliso kunye nexesha lokuthuthwa kweetships zinempembelelo enkulu kwisicwangciso semveliso senkampani, xa kukho ukulibaziseka, kunokubangela ukuba umgca wemveliso ume. Ke ngoko, inkampani ikhetha ukuthuthwa ngenqwelo moya ukuqinisekisa ukuba iitships zinokufika ngexesha, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwemveliso. Ukongeza, kwezinye iimveliso zexesha elithile okanye iimpahla ezineemfuno eziphezulu zexesha elifanelekileyo, ezifana nempahla yefashoni, izipho zeholide, njl.njl., isantya sokuthuthwa ngenqwelo moya sinokuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso zinokufikelela kwimarike ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuthengisa, ngaloo ndlela zandise inzuzo.

3.2 Ixabiso lixhomekeke kakhulu kwixabiso: Khetha uthutho lwaselwandle okanye emhlabeni ukuze unciphise iindleko zothutho
Kubathengi abajonga iindleko, iindleko zothutho ziyinto ebalulekileyo echaphazela izigqibo zokuthenga. Kule meko, uthutho lwaselwandle nolwasemhlabeni ludla ngokuba lolona khetho lufanelekileyo. Uthutho lwaselwandle lube lolona khetho lokuqala lothutho lwemithwalo emikhulu ngenxa yomthamo walo omkhulu kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwiWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), uthutho lwaselwandle lubangela ngaphezulu kwe-80% yorhwebo lwehlabathi liphela. Ixabiso leyunithi yokuthutha itoni e-1 yeempahla ngolwandle yi-1/3 - 1/2 kuphela yaloo nto ngothutho lwaselwandle. Umzekelo, ixabiso ngetoni yentsimbi ethunyelwa ukusuka eBrazil ukuya eTshayina ngolwandle linokulawulwa phakathi kwe-US$10 kunye ne-US$15.
Uthutho lomhlaba (ingakumbi uthutho lukaloliwe) lukwaneengenelo ekuthuthweni kweempahla ezinexabiso eliphakathi kunye neemfuno zexesha eliphakathi. Ngokutsho kwe-International Union of Railways (UIC), isantya esiphakathi sothutho lukaloliwe siphindwe kayi-1.5 kunesothutho lwendlela, ngelixa iindleko ziphezulu kancinci kunezothutho lwendlela. Kwezinye iimpahla ezinomthamo omkhulu kodwa zinobunzima obuphantsi, njengoomatshini abakhulu nezixhobo, uthutho lukaloliwe lunomthamo omkhulu womthwalo kunye neendlela zothutho ezizinzileyo, ezinokunciphisa ngempumelelo ilahleko kunye nemingcipheko ngexesha lothutho. Ukongeza, uthutho lomhlaba luguquguquka kakhulu kwaye lunokuziqhelanisa ngcono nothutho olufutshane kunye neempahla ezifuna impendulo ekhawulezileyo.
Kubathengi abajonga iindleko ngexabiso eliphantsi, ukukhetha uthutho lwaselwandle okanye lwasemhlabeni akunakunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zothutho kuphela, kodwa kukwaphucula nokusebenza kakuhle kwenkampani kunye nokukhuphisana ngolawulo olufanelekileyo lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nokuphucula uthotho lokubonelela ngempahla.

4. Ukuqwalaselwa kokuthembeka kwexesha lokuhamba

4.1 Udumo lomthwali: Khetha umthwali onedumela eliphezulu ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwexesha lokuhamba
Udumo lomthwali yinto ebalulekileyo abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe abangenakuyityeshela xa bekhetha indlela yokuthutha. Abathwali abanegama eliphezulu badla ngokuba nenkqubo yolawulo olupheleleyo lwezinto zokuhamba kunye neenkonzo zothutho ezinokuthenjwa, nto leyo enokuqinisekisa uzinzo lwexesha lokuthuthwa. Ngokweengxelo ezivela kumaziko ophando lweshishini, udumo lomthwali lunxulumene kakubi kakhulu nezinga lokulibaziseka lokuthuthwa. Ngokwanda kwe-10% nganye kwigama, izinga lokulibaziseka lokuthuthwa lingancitshiswa malunga ne-15%. Umzekelo, kwicandelo lokuthunyelwa kwempahla, abathwali abaziwayo abafana neMaersk kunye neMediterranean Shipping (MSC) banokubonelela ngeshedyuli yothutho ezinzileyo kunye nodumo lwabo oluhle oluqokelelwe kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Aba bathwali bahlala betyala imali eninzi ekugcinweni kweenqanawa, ukulungiswa kwendlela kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezibuko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zifika kwindawo eziya kuyo ngexesha. Ukongeza, abathwali abanegama eliphezulu bakulungele ngakumbi ukusayina izivumelwano nabathengi ezinemigqaliselo yesiqinisekiso sexesha elicacileyo kwaye banike imbuyekezo efanelekileyo okanye amachiza xa kukho ukulibaziseka, ngaloo ndlela bebonelela abathengi ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo.

4.2 Ukucwangciswa kwendlela: Ukuphucula iindlela zothutho ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulibaziseka okunokwenzeka
Ukucwangciswa kweendlela zothutho okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni ukulibaziseka okunokubakho. Ngokuphucula iindlela zothutho, ukulibaziseka kwezothutho okubangelwa zizinto ezifana nemeko-bume yendawo, imeko yezopolitiko, kunye nokuxinana kweechweba kunokuthintelwa ngempumelelo. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukuphucula iindlela zothutho kunokulibaziseka ixesha lokuthuthwa nge-10% - 20% kwaye kunciphise iindleko zothutho nge-5% - 10%. Umzekelo, xa ukhetha indlela yothutho lwaselwandle, abathengi kufuneka bazame ukuphepha amanzi anemisebenzi exhaphakileyo yabaphangi kunye neendawo ezingazinzanga kwezopolitiko, ezifana nonxweme lwaseSomalia kunye namanzi athile kuMbindi Mpuma. Xa ukhetha ukudlula kwizibuko elixakekileyo, kufuneka uqonde ukuxinana kweechweba kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwangaphambili, kwaye unike kuqala amazibuko anemisebenzi emihle. Ukuthatha uthutho lwaselwandle oluvela eTshayina ukuya eYurophu njengomzekelo, nangona indlela edlula kwiSuez Canal imfutshane, inokulibaziseka ngenxa yokuxinana kweenqanawa ngamaxesha athile. Ngeli xesha, ukukhetha ukudlula iCape of Good Hope kuya kwandisa uhambo, kodwa ixesha lokuthuthwa linokuba lizinzile ngakumbi. Ukongeza, kuthutho lomhlaba, ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lweendlela zothutho lukaloliwe kunye neendlela ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxinana kweemoto kunye neendawo ezisengozini yeentlekele zemvelo nazo zinokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwezothutho ngempumelelo. Umzekelo, kuthutho lwezitimela ngaphakathi kwelizwekazi laseYurophu, ukukhetha iindlela ezidlula kumazwe aneziseko zophuhliso eziphucukileyo ezifana neJamani nePoland kuya kubonelela ngokuthembeka okuphezulu kwixesha lokuhamba kunokudlula kwamanye amazwe aneziseko zophuhliso ezingalunganga.

5. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lweendleko kunye nexesha

5.1 Uhlalutyo lweendleko zizonke: Cinga ngezinto ezibanzi ezifana neendleko zothutho kunye neendleko zokugcina impahla
Kwizinto ezithengwa kumazwe ngamazwe, ukhetho lwendlela yokuthutha alunakuxhomekeka kuphela kwinto enye yeendleko zothutho, kodwa kufuneka luqwalasele ngokupheleleyo iindleko zothutho, iindleko zokubamba impahla, iindleko zeinshorensi, iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla kunye nezinye iindleko. Uhlalutyo lweendleko zizonke lunokubonakalisa ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yokwenyani yezoqoqosho yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho.
Iindleko zokuhamba: Le yeyona nto iqondakala lula. Uthutho lweenqwelo-moya lunexabiso eliphezulu kodwa lukhawuleza, olufanele iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu nezinobunzima ngexesha; uthutho lwaselwandle lunexabiso eliphantsi kodwa lukhawuleza kancinci, olufanele iimpahla ezinkulu nezinexabiso eliphantsi; uthutho lomhlaba lunexabiso eliphakathi kunye nesantya esiphakathi, olufanele iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphakathi nezinobunzima ngexesha.
Ixabiso lokubamba impahla: Iimpahla zihlala kwimali ngexesha lokuthuthwa, nto leyo eya kuvelisa iindleko zokubamba impahla. Ngokophando lweshishini, iindleko zokubamba impahla zihlala zifikelela kwi-10% - 20% yexabiso leempahla. Umzekelo, kwiimveliso ze-elektroniki ezinexabiso eliphezulu, iindleko zokubamba impahla ziphezulu, ngoko ke iindlela zokuthutha ezikhawulezayo (ezifana nokuthuthwa ngenqwelo moya) zinokunciphisa ixesha lokusebenzisa imali kwaye zinciphise iindleko zokubamba impahla.
Iindleko zeinshorensi: Iindleko zeinshorensi zeempahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu ziphezulu, kwaye okukhona ixesha lokuhamba lide, kokukhona iindleko zeinshorensi ziphezulu. Iindleko zeinshorensi ezihlanganisiweyo zokuthutha ngolwandle ziphezulu ngenxa yexesha elide lokuhamba.
Iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla: Okukhona amaxesha amaninzi okulayisha nokukhupha impahla, kokukhona iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla ziphezulu. Ukuthuthwa komhlaba naselwandle kunokubandakanya ukulayisha nokukhupha impahla izihlandlo ezininzi, ngelixa ukuthuthwa ngenqwelomoya kudla ngokuba namaxesha ambalwa okulayisha nokukhupha impahla. Umzekelo, kwimeko yokuxinana kwempahla kwezinye izibuko, ixesha lokulayisha nokukhupha impahla liyandiswa kwaye iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla nazo ziya kwanda.
Ngokuqwalasela ezi zinto zeendleko, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe banokuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo iindleko zizonke zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho. Umzekelo, kwiimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu nezinomngcipheko wexesha, nangona uthutho lwenqwelo-moya luneendleko eziphezulu zothutho, lunokuhambisa ngokukhawuleza, lunciphise iindleko zokugcina impahla kunye neendleko zeinshurensi, kwaye lunokuba lukhetho olungcono ngokwembono yeendleko zizonke.

5.2 Uvavanyo lwexabiso lexesha: Vavanya iindleko zexesha ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lemarike kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo lempahla
Ixabiso lexesha libhekisa kutshintsho kwixabiso leempahla ngenxa yamaxesha othutho ahlukeneyo. Kubathengi bamazwe ngamazwe, uvavanyo lwexabiso lexesha yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ekulinganiseni ixabiso kunye nexesha.
Iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu, ezichaphazela ixesha, ezifana ne-elektroniki kunye neempahla zodidi oluphezulu, zichaphazela kakhulu ixesha. Ngokophando lwemarike, ixabiso lemarike leemveliso ze-elektroniki linokuhla nge-0.5% - 1% kuyo yonke imihla yokulibaziseka kokuhanjiswa. Ke ngoko, kwiimpahla ezinjalo, iindlela zokuthutha ngokukhawuleza (ezifana nokuthutha emoyeni) zinokunciphisa iindleko zexesha kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba iimpahla zifikelela kwimarike ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuthengisa, ngaloo ndlela zandisa inzuzo.
Iimpahla ezinkulu nezinexabiso eliphantsi, ezifana nezinto eziluhlaza kunye neemveliso zezolimo, zinexabiso eliphantsi kwimarike kwaye azinangxaki kangako nexesha, ngoko ke iindleko zothutho ziba zezona zinto ziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Nangona uthutho lwaselwandle lucotha, inzuzo yalo enexabiso eliphantsi inokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zizonke.
Kwimpahla ezinexabiso eliphakathi nelinomngcipheko wexesha, ezifana noomatshini kunye nezixhobo zokwakha, ukhetho lwendlela yokuthutha lufuna ulungelelwano phakathi kweendleko kunye nexesha. Uthutho lomhlaba (ingakumbi uthutho lukaloliwe) luneengenelo ezithile kule meko, ngesantya sothutho esikhawulezayo kunye neendleko eziphakathi.
Ukongeza, ukuthembeka kwexesha lokuhamba kuya kuchaphazela ixabiso lexesha. Izithuthi ezidumileyo kunye neendlela zokuthutha ezilungiselelweyo zinokunciphisa ukulibaziseka kwezothutho kwaye zonyuse ixabiso lexesha. Umzekelo, ukukhetha isithuthi solwandle esidumileyo, esifana neMaersk kunye neMediterranean Shipping (MSC), kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo izinga lokulibaziseka kwezothutho kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba iimpahla zifika ngexesha, ngaloo ndlela zonyusa ixabiso lexesha.
Ngokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo ixabiso lilonke kunye nexabiso lexesha, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe banokufumana ibhalansi engcono phakathi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho, ngaloo ndlela besebenzisa iindleko kunye nexesha.

6. Isicwangciso sokulinganisela sothutho oluneendlela ezininzi

6.1 Indlela yothutho edibeneyo: ukusebenzisa uthutho oluneendlela ezininzi ukulinganisela iindleko kunye nexesha
Uthutho oluneendlela ezininzi lubhekisa kwindlela yokuthutha impahla ngokudibanisa iindlela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zothutho. Lunokulinganisela ngokufanelekileyo iindleko kunye nexesha kwaye lubonelele abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe ngesisombululo esiguquguqukayo.
Iingenelo: Uthutho olusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ludibanisa iingenelo zeendlela ezahlukeneyo zothutho. Umzekelo, ungaqala ngokusebenzisa uthutho lomoya ukuthutha impahla ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwindawo yokuthutha, uze emva koko uthuthe impahla ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela ngothutho lomhlaba okanye ngolwandle. Le ndlela ayisebenzisi nje kuphela isantya sothutho lomoya, kodwa ikwasebenzisa nexabiso eliphantsi lothutho lomhlaba okanye ngolwandle. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukusetyenziswa kothutho olusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi kunokunciphisa iindleko zothutho nge-15% - 25% kwaye kunciphise ixesha lothutho nge-10% - 15%.
Iimeko ezisebenzayo: Kwezinye iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphakathi kunye nezinobunzima obuphakathi, ezifana noomatshini kunye nezixhobo kunye nezinto zokwakha, ukuthuthwa kwezinto ezininzi lukhetho olufanelekileyo. Ezi mpahla zineemfuno ezithile zexesha lokuthuthwa, kodwa azinabungozi obufana nempahla enexabiso eliphezulu. Ngokuthuthwa kwezinto ezininzi, unokunciphisa iindleko zokuhamba ngempumelelo ngelixa uqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zifika ngexesha.
Ityala: Ukuthatha ukuthuthwa koomatshini nezixhobo ukusuka eTshayina ukuya eYurophu njengomzekelo, ungakhetha ukuthutha iimpahla ukuya e-Asia Ephakathi ngololiwe kuqala, uze emva koko uthuthe iimpahla ukuya kwindawo yokugqibela eYurophu ngendlela. Le ndlela ayigcini nje ngokuthintela ixesha elide lokuthuthwa ngolwandle, kodwa ikwanciphisa neendleko eziphezulu zokuthuthwa ngomoya.

6.2 Ukulungiswa kweendawo zokuthutha: Ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lweendawo zokuthutha ukuze kuncitshiswe ixesha kunye neendleko zokuhamba
Ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lweendawo zokuthutha ngenqanawa yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yothutho olusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi. Ukukhethwa kunye nokwenza ngcono iindawo zokuthutha ngenqanawa kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo ixesha kunye neendleko zokuhamba kwaye kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kwezothutho.
Ukukhethwa kwendawo yokuthutha impahla: Xa ukhetha indawo yokuthutha impahla, izinto ezinje ngendawo, ukulula kothutho, kunye nezibonelelo zothutho kufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Umzekelo, ukukhetha izibuko okanye isikhungo sikaloliwe esinezothutho ezifanelekileyo kunye nezibonelelo zothutho ezipheleleyo njengendawo yokuthutha impahla kunokunciphisa ixesha lokuhlala kunye namaxesha okulayisha nokukhupha impahla ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthutha impahla. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Union of Railways (UIC), ukukhetha indawo yokuthutha impahla ngokufanelekileyo kunokunciphisa ixesha lokuhamba nge-10% - 15% kwaye kunciphise iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla nge-10% - 20%.
Amanyathelo okuphucula: Kwindawo yokudluliselwa kwempahla, ixesha lokuhamba kunye neendleko zinokuncitshiswa ngakumbi ngokwenza ngcono inkqubo yokulayisha nokukhupha impahla kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kolawulo lwezinto. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla ngokuzenzekelayo kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokulayisha nokukhupha impahla kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokulayisha nokukhupha impahla. Ukongeza, ukusekwa kwenkqubo yolawulo lolwazi lwezinto ezisebenzayo kunokulandelela indawo kunye nemeko yeempahla ngexesha langempela ukuqinisekisa uqhagamshelo oluhamba kakuhle lweempahla ngexesha lenkqubo yokudluliselwa kwempahla.
Ityala: Kwindlela yokuthutha impahla esuka eTshayina ukuya eYurophu, iAlmaty eKazakhstan ikhethwe njengendawo yokuthutha impahla. IAlmaty inendawo ephezulu, iyindlela yokuthutha elula, kunye nezibonelelo ezipheleleyo zothutho. Ngokwenza ngcono inkqubo yokulayisha nokukhupha impahla kunye nokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizenzekelayo, ixesha lokuhamba kweempahla eAlmaty lincitshiswe ngama-20% kwaye iindleko zokulayisha nokukhupha impahla zincitshiswe nge-15%.

7. Ulawulo loMngcipheko kunye neSicwangciso sokuNgxamiseka

7.1 Ukuchongwa koMngcipheko: Chonga Izinto Ezinokuchaphazela Iindleko kunye Nexesha Ngexesha Lothutho
Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuthutha impahla yamazwe ngamazwe, izinto ezahlukeneyo ezinobungozi zinokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwixabiso kunye nexesha, kwaye abathengi kufuneka benze uchongo olupheleleyo kunye novavanyo lomngcipheko.
Iintlekele Zendalo: Iintlekele zemvelo ezifana neenkanyamba, iinyikima, izikhukula, njl.njl. zinokubangela ukuphazamiseka okanye ukulibaziseka kwiindlela zothutho. Umzekelo, inyikima yaseJapan ka-2011 yabangela ukuba amazibuko amaninzi avalwe, nto leyo eyandisa ixesha lokuthuthwa kweempahla ezidlula eJapan ngeeveki ezimbalwa. Ukongeza, iintlekele zemvelo zinokunyusa iindleko zeinshurensi yeempahla, nto leyo eyandisa iindleko zothutho.
Imeko Yezopolitiko: Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, imfazwe, imisebenzi yobugrogrisi, njl.njl. kunokuba nefuthe elibi kukhuseleko lwezothutho kunye nexesha. Umzekelo, isiphithiphithi sezopolitiko kuMbindi Mpuma sibangele ukuba iindlela zokuthutha ngenqanawa kulo mmandla zisoloko zijongene nokulibaziseka kunye nokuhlolwa kokhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Ukongeza, utshintsho kwimeko yezopolitiko lunokukhokelela kwimida yorhwebo okanye kwiimvavanyo, nto leyo eyonyusa iindleko zothutho.
Ukuxinana kweenqanawa neemoto: Ukuxinana kweenqanawa yingxaki eqhelekileyo kwezothutho lwaselwandle, ingakumbi ngexesha leendlela zorhwebo ezixakekileyo kunye namaxesha onyaka. Ngokutsho kwe-International Logistics Association (ILA), ukuxinana kweenqanawa kunokwandisa ixesha lokuhamba nge-10% - 20%. Umzekelo, ukuxinana kweenqanawa zaseSuez kunyuse kakhulu ixesha lokuhamba kweempahla ezininzi. Ngokufanayo, ukuxinana kweemoto kwiimoto zomhlaba kuya kwandisa ixesha lokuhamba kunye neendleko.
Ukuthembeka komthwali: Udumo kunye nokuthembeka komthwali kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuzinza kwexesha lokuhamba. Abathwali abanegama eliphantsi banokujongana namazinga aphezulu okulibaziseka kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuhamba. Umzekelo, ezinye iinqanawa ezincinci zaselwandle zinokubangela ukulibaziseka kokuhamba ngenxa yokugcinwa ngokwaneleyo kwenqanawa okanye ucwangciso lwendlela olungafanelekanga.
Iimpawu zemithwalo: Iimpawu zemithwalo, ezinje ngomthamo, ubunzima, kunye nokubola kwayo, nazo zichaphazela umngcipheko wokuthutha. Umzekelo, iimpahla ezibolayo zifuna iimeko ezikhethekileyo zokuthutha kunye nexesha elikhawulezayo lokuthuthwa, kungenjalo zinokubangela umonakalo kwimithwalo kunye nelahleko kwezoqoqosho. Ukongeza, iimpahla ezinexabiso eliphezulu zinokuba ngamaxhoba obusela kunye nobuqhetseba kwaye zifuna amanyathelo okhuseleko aphezulu.

7.2 Amanyathelo engxamiseko: Yila izicwangciso zengxamiseko zokujongana neengxamiseko kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iimpahla zifika ngexesha
Ukuze kujongwane nemiba eyingozi engentla, abathengi bamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka baphuhlise izicwangciso ezibanzi zongxamiseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpahla zinokufika kwindawo eziya kuyo ngexesha ngelixa belawula iindleko zokuhamba.
Misela iindlela zothutho ezizezinye: Abathengi kufuneka bacebe iindlela zothutho ezizezinye kwangaphambili ukuze bajongane nokuphazamiseka okanye ukulibaziseka kwiindlela eziphambili. Umzekelo, kwezothutho lwaselwandle, ungakhetha ukuhambahamba kwiCape of Good Hope ukuze uphephe ukuxinana kwiSuez Canal. Kwizothutho zomhlaba, ungakhetha ezinye iindlela zikaloliwe okanye zendlela ukuze ujongane nokuxinana kweemoto okanye iintlekele zemvelo.
Khetha inkampani yokuthutha enegama eliphezulu: Ukusebenza nenkampani yokuthutha enegama eliphezulu nethembekileyo kakhulu kunokunciphisa ngempumelelo umngcipheko wokulibaziseka kwezothutho. Iinkampani zokuthutha ezinegama eliphezulu zihlala zibonelela ngeeshedyuli zothutho ezizinzileyo kwaye zibonelela ngembuyekezo okanye ulungiso xa kukho ukulibaziseka.
Thenga i-inshurensi yothutho: Ukuthenga i-inshurensi yothutho efanelekileyo yeempahla kunokudlulisa iingozi ezinokwenzeka ngexesha lokuthuthwa, ezinje ngomonakalo, ukulahleka okanye ukulibaziseka kweempahla. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Logistics Association (ILA), i-inshurensi yothutho inokunciphisa ngempumelelo ilahleko kwezoqoqosho ezibangelwa ziingozi.
Misela uluhlu lwezinto ezingxamisekileyo: Kwimeko yokulibaziseka kokuthutha, abathengi banokuseka uluhlu lwezinto ezingxamisekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwemveliso okanye ukuthengiswa. Uluhlu lwezinto ezingxamisekileyo lunokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphelelwa zizinto ngenxa yokulibaziseka kokuthutha, kodwa iindleko zokugcina izinto nazo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Ukubeka iliso nonxibelelwano ngexesha langempela: Sebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa zanamhlanje, ezinje ngeenkqubo zokulandelela izinto kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano ngexesha langempela, ukujonga imeko yokuthuthwa kweempahla ngexesha langempela kunye nokugcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo nabathwali. Oku kunceda ekuchongeni iingxaki ezinokubakho ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nokuthatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo.
Yenza izicwangciso zengxakeko: Yenza izicwangciso zengxakeko ezineenkcukacha zezinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko. Umzekelo, kwiintlekele zemvelo okanye utshintsho kwimeko yezopolitiko, ungayilungisa indlela yokuthutha okanye ukhethe abathwali beenkonzo zokuxhasa kwangaphambili. Ukuba kukho ukuxinana kweenqanawa, ungalungiselela ukuba iimpahla zidluliselwe kwamanye amazibuko kwangaphambili.