Ibisabwa byihariye mu gupakira imizigo mu gutwara imizigo mu mazi no mu kirere

Ibisabwa byihariye mu gupakira imizigo mu gutwara imizigo mu mazi no mu kirere

Ni ibihe bisabwa byihariye mu gupakira imizigo mu gutwara imizigo mu mazi no mu kirere?

1. Ibisabwa mu gupakira imizigo mu gutwara imizigo mu mazi

1.1 Ubuhanga n'ubuziranenge bw'ibipfunyika
Ubushobozi n'ubuziranenge bw'imizigo yo gutwara imizigo mu mazi ni ingenzi cyane kuko imizigo ihura n'ibibazo byinshi mu gihe cyo gutwara imizigo mu mazi. Dukurikije imibare ifatika, kugeza kuri 30% by'ibihombo by'imizigo biterwa no gucika kw'imizigo mu gihe cyo gutwara imizigo mu mazi. Ibikoresho byo gupakira bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira igitutu cy'imizigo, impanuka zo mu mazi, n'ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije byo mu mazi nk'ubushuhe n'umunyu. Urugero, ku mizigo isanzwe, amakarito agomba kuba ashobora kwihanganira uburemere bwose bw'imizigo isa nayo ipakiye ipakiye ingana na metero 3 cyangwa 4; ubunini n'imiterere y'amakarito y'ibiti bigomba kuba bikwiriye gutwara imizigo mu buryo bwizewe, kandi amakarito y'ibiti arimo ibintu by'agaciro, ibikoresho by'ubuhanga, n'ibintu byoroshye ntibigomba kugira inenge nko kwangirika, kurumwa n'udukoko, n'imivuniko. Byongeye kandi, kaseti yo gupakira ikoreshwa mu guhambira imizigo igomba kuba ishobora kwihanganira uburemere bwose bw'imizigo kandi ikagenzura ko itazacika igihe imizigo izamurwa kugira ngo ikomeze gutwara imizigo mu gihe cyo kuyitwara.

1.2 Uburyo bwo kuvura burwanya ubushuhe, ingese kandi burwanya udukoko
Ahantu ho gutwara ibintu mu mazi hari ubushuhe, kandi imizigo ishobora kwangirika bitewe n’ubushuhe, ingese ndetse n’udukoko. Dukurikije ubushakashatsi, agaciro k’ibihombo by’imizigo biterwa n’ubushuhe n’udukoko gashobora kugera kuri miliyoni amagana z’amadolari buri mwaka. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo kohereza imizigo bwirinda ubushuhe, burwanya ingese kandi burwanya udukoko ni igice cyingenzi cyo kohereza imizigo. Ku bicuruzwa bishobora kwangirika bitewe n’ubushuhe, nk’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga n’imyenda, ubusanzwe umuti wo mu bwoko bwa desiccant ushyirwa mu gipfunyika, ufite uburemere bwa garama zigera kuri 50 kuri metero kibe y’umwanya, kugira ngo ibidukikije byumye mu gipfunyika bigume mu buryo bwumye. Mu bijyanye no koroshya ingese, ku bikoresho by’icyuma, amavuta arwanya ingese, impapuro zirwanya ingese n’ibindi bikoresho bikoreshwa mu kurinda. Ubunini bw’amavuta arwanya ingese muri rusange buri hagati ya mm 0.1 na 0.2, bishobora gukumira ingese ku buso bw’icyuma. Uburyo bwo koroshya ingese bukorerwa ahanini ibikoresho bikozwe mu mbaho ​​bipfunyika. Dukurikije ibisabwa n'Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yo Kurinda Ibimera (ISPM 15), ibikoresho bipfunyika mu mbaho ​​bigomba gushyushwa cyangwa guterwa imiti ihumanya ikirere kandi bigashyirwaho ibimenyetso byo kubahiriza amategeko kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu byangirika mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima kandi bikingire umutekano w’ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo kubitwara kure.

1.3 Kugaragaza no gushyira ibimenyetso ku bipaki
Ibimenyetso byo gupakira no gushyiramo ibirango bisobanutse neza ni ingenzi mu gutwara imizigo. Bishobora gufasha abakozi kumenya vuba amakuru y’imizigo, kunoza imikorere yo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo, no kugabanya amakosa. Ipaki igomba kuba ifite ibimenyetso bisobanutse kandi biramba, birimo izina, uburemere, ingano, amabwiriza yo gutwara, ikimenyetso cy’ibicuruzwa biteje akaga (niba bishoboka), amabwiriza y’icyerekezo cyo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo, nibindi. Dukurikije imibare y’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga mu by’Amato, ibibazo nko kohereza nabi no kubura ibicuruzwa biterwa n’ibimenyetso byo gupakira bidasobanutse bigira uruhare rungana na 15% by’ibibazo by’imizigo yo mu mazi. Urugero, ku bicuruzwa biteje akaga, icyiciro cy’ibicuruzwa biteje akaga, inomero ya Loni n’andi makuru bigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso gikwiye hakurikijwe ibisabwa n’Itegeko Mpuzamahanga ry’Ibicuruzwa Biteje Akaga byo mu Mato (IMDG Code), kandi bigashyirwaho amabara n’imiterere bikurura amaso kugira ngo ingamba z’umutekano zijyanye nazo zifatwe mu gihe cyo gutwara. Ku bicuruzwa bisanzwe, icyerekezo cy’imizigo, ingamba zo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo, nibindi bigomba kandi gushyirwaho ikimenyetso ku ipaki kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigende neza mu gihe cyose cyo gutwara imizigo.

2. Ibisabwa mu gupakira imizigo mu kirere

2.1 Gukomera no kurinda uburyo bwo gupfunyika
Ubushobozi n'uburinzi bw'imizigo yo mu kirere ni ibintu by'ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bifashishwe mu buryo butekanye. Kubera ko ibicuruzwa bihura n'ibibazo nk'impinduka z'umuvuduko w'ikirere, gukubitwa no guhungabana, ndetse no gucika intege mu gihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura mu kirere, imizigo igomba kuba ifite imbaraga n'uburinzi buhagije. Dukurikije imibare y'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ryita ku Bicuruzwa Bikoresha Imodoka (IATA), kwangirika kw'imizigo guterwa no gupakira nabi bingana na 20% by'ubwikorezi bw'indege. Kubwibyo, imizigo yo mu kirere igomba kuba yujuje ibi bikurikira:
Ubukomezi: Ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira imvune n'ingaruka zitandukanye mu gihe cyo gutwara. Urugero, amakarito agomba kuba ashobora kwihanganira uburemere bwose bw'ibicuruzwa bisa bipfunyitse bipakiye metero 3 cyangwa 4; ubunini n'imiterere y'amakarito y'ibiti bigomba kuba bikwiranye n'ibikenewe mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mutekano, kandi amakarito y'ibiti arimo ibintu by'agaciro, ibikoresho by'ubuhanga, n'ibintu byoroshye ntibigomba kuba bifite inenge nko kwangirika, kurumwa n'udukoko, n'imivuniko.
Uburinzi: Gupfunyika bigomba kugira imikorere myiza yo kurinda ibicuruzwa kugira ngo birinde kwangirika bitewe n'impinduka mu muvuduko w'umwuka, ihindagurika ry'ubushyuhe cyangwa imitingito. Ku bintu byoroshye nko mu birahure, ibikoresho by'ubuhanga, nibindi, hagomba gukoreshwa uburyo bwinshi bwo gupfunyika, ni ukuvuga ibikoresho byo gupfunyika imizigo-ibikoresho byo gupfunyika imbere-ibikoresho byo gupfunyika imizigo-ibikoresho byo gutwara imizigo (gupfunyika hanze), kandi ibikoresho bihagije byo gupfunyika nk'iplasitiki ya foam, firime y'ibitunguru, nibindi bigomba kuzuzwa muri iyo paki kugira ngo bigabanye kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa biterwa n'udusimba, guhungabana cyangwa imitingito. Byongeye kandi, ku mizigo y'amazi, hagomba kuba hari icyuho cya 5%-10% mu gikoresho, igipfundikizo kigomba kuba gikomeye kandi kidasohoka, kandi agasanduku kagomba kuzuzwamo ibikoresho bipfunyika n'ibikoresho bitonyanga kugira ngo hirindwe kunyeganyega cyangwa amazi ava.

2.2 Amabwiriza yihariye yerekeye gupakira ibintu biteje akaga
Ibisabwa mu gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga mu ndege ni ngombwa cyane kugira ngo habeho umutekano mu gihe cyo kubitwara. Dukurikije amabwiriza agenga ibicuruzwa biteje akaga ya IATA, gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga bigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yihariye akurikira:
Ibikoresho byo gupfunyika: Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa byangiza bigomba gukoresha ibikoresho byujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga kandi bishobora kwihanganira ibyago bitandukanye mu gihe cyo kubitwara. Urugero, ku bintu byangiza, ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bigomba kuba bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese.
Ikimenyetso n'ibirango: Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa biteje akaga bigomba gushyirwaho ikimenyetso cyiza cy'icyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa biteje akaga, inomero ya UN, izina ryihariye ry'ubwikorezi n'andi makuru, kandi bigashyirwaho amabara n'imiterere bikurura amaso kugira ngo ingamba z'umutekano zijyanye nabyo zifatwe mu gihe cyo gutwara. Dukurikije imibare ya IATA, impanuka zo gutwara abantu ziterwa no gushyira ibimenyetso bidasobanutse ku bipfunyika ibicuruzwa biteje akaga zigize 10% by'impanuka zo gutwara ibintu biteje akaga.
Isuzuma ry’ibipfunyika: Gupfunyika ibicuruzwa byangiza bigomba gutsinda ibizamini bikomeye, birimo ibizamini byo gupfunyika, ibizamini byo gupfunyika, ibizamini bya hydraulic, nibindi, kugira ngo bigenzurwe neza mu gihe cyo kubitwara. Urugero, ibizamini byo gupfunyika bisaba ko ipfunyika riguma rimeze neza nyuma yo kugwa mu burebure butandukanye no mu nguni kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibicuruzwa byangiza bishobora kuvamo amazi.

2.3 Ingano y'ipaki n'uburemere buke
Ingano y'ibipaki n'uburemere bw'imizigo yo mu kirere ni imipaka ikomeye kugira ngo imizigo ishobore kunyura mu igenzura ry'umutekano no gushyirwa mu ndege neza. Ibisabwa byihariye ni ibi bikurikira:
Ingano ntarengwa: Ingano ntarengwa y'imizigo isanzwe yo mu kirere ni metero 2.44 × metero 3.15. Imizigo miremire cyangwa minini ishobora gusaba ibikoresho byihariye byo gupakira imizigo hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'amasosiyete atandukanye y'indege. Ingano y'imizigo isanzwe yo mu bwoko bwa pallet ni metero 1.20 × metero 1.20 × metero 1.53, kandi uburemere ntarengwa buhoraho bwa buri pallet ni ibiro 1000.
Ibipimo by'uburemere: Ku mizigo itwarwa n'indege nini, uburemere bwa buri muzigo ntibugomba kurenza ibiro 250 kandi ingano ntigomba kurenza cm 100 × cm 100 × cm 140; ku mizigo itwarwa n'indege zitari nini, uburemere bwa buri muzigo ntibugomba kurenza ibiro 80 kandi ingano ntigomba kurenza cm 40 × cm 60 × cm 100. Ibi bipimo by'ingano n'uburemere bigamije kwemeza ko imizigo ishobora gutwarwa neza kandi neza, mu gihe hirindwa ko indege zishobora guhungabanya umutekano w'indege n'indege bitewe n'umubyibuho ukabije cyangwa munini cyane. # 3. Incamake
Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi no mu kirere ni uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara imizigo. Bufite ibisabwa byihariye kandi bikomeye mu gupakira imizigo. Ibi bisabwa byashyizweho hashingiwe ku buryo butandukanye bwo gutwara imizigo n'ibintu bishobora guteza akaga, bigamije kongera umutekano w'imizigo, kugabanya igihombo mu gihe cyo kuyitwara, no kwemeza ko ubwikorezi bukorwa neza.
Gupakira imizigo yo mu mazi bibanda ku gukomera no ku busugire kugira ngo bihangane n’imiterere y’ibidukikije bigoye mu gutwara imizigo yo mu mazi, nk’ubushuhe, gusukura umunyu, no gukurura imizigo. Dukurikije imibare ifatika, igihombo giterwa no gucika kw’imizigo mu gihe cyo gutwara imizigo yo mu mazi kigera kuri 30%. Uburyo bwo kuvura budashobora guhumeka, budashobora kunyerera ingese kandi budashobora kwirindwa udukoko nabwo ni ingenzi mu gupakira imizigo yo mu mazi. Agaciro k’igihombo cy’imizigo giterwa n’ubushuhe n’udukoko dushobora kugera kuri miliyoni amagana z’amadolari buri mwaka. Byongeye kandi, kumenya neza no gushyira ibirango by’imizigo yo mu mazi ni ingenzi cyane ku mizigo yo mu mazi. Ibibazo nko kohereza imizigo nabi no kubura iyoherezwa bitewe no kutamenya neza imizigo yo mu mazi bigira ingaruka kuri 15% by’ibibazo by’imizigo yo mu mazi.
Gupakira imizigo mu kirere bishimangira gukomera no kurinda kugira ngo umuntu ahangane n’ibyago nko guhinduka k’umuvuduko w’ikirere, guhagarara no guhungabana, ndetse no gucika intege mu gihe cyo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo. Dukurikije imibare y’Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Ubwikorezi bw’Indege (IATA), kwangirika kw’imizigo guterwa no gupakira nabi bingana na 20% by’ubwikorezi bw’indege. Ku bijyanye no gupakira ibicuruzwa biteje akaga, ubwikorezi bw’indege bufite amabwiriza akomeye cyane, arimo ibikoresho byo gupakira byujuje ibisabwa mpuzamahanga, ibimenyetso bikurura amaso n’ibyapa, hamwe n’ibizamini bikomeye byo gupakira. Impanuka zo gutwara imizigo ziterwa n’ibimenyetso bitagaragara neza ku bipakira imizigo biteje akaga zigize 10% by’impanuka zo gutwara imizigo biteje akaga. Muri icyo gihe, ingano n’uburemere bw’imizigo yo mu kirere birabujijwe cyane kugira ngo imizigo ishobore kunyura mu igenzura ry’umutekano kandi ishyirwe mu ndege neza.
Muri make, byaba ari ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi cyangwa mu kirere, ibisabwa mu gupakira ni byo shingiro ryo kwemeza umutekano n'imikorere myiza y'ubwikorezi bw'imizigo. Ku bohereza ibicuruzwa, gusobanukirwa no kubahiriza neza ibi bisabwa mu gupakira ntibishobora gusa kugabanya ingaruka zo kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa, ahubwo binanoza imikorere myiza y'ubwikorezi no kugabanya igihombo kidakenewe mu bukungu.