Izidingo ezikhethekile zokupakisha imithwalo yezokuthutha olwandle kanye nomoya

Izidingo ezikhethekile zokupakisha imithwalo yezokuthutha olwandle kanye nomoya

Yiziphi izidingo ezikhethekile zokupakisha imithwalo yezokuthutha olwandle nomoya?

1. Izidingo zokupakisha imithwalo yezokuthutha ngolwandle

1.1 Ukuqina kanye nobuqotho bokupakisha
Ukuqina nobuqotho bokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha olwandle kubalulekile ngoba imithwalo ibhekene nezinselele eziningi ngesikhathi sokuthutha olwandle. Ngokwezibalo ezifanele, ukulahlekelwa kwemithwalo okufika ku-30% kubangelwa ukuqhekeka kwemithwalo ngesikhathi sokuthutha olwandle. Izinto zokupakisha kumele zikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi yokufakwa, ukushaqeka kokuphatha, kanye nezici zemvelo zasolwandle ezifana nomswakama kanye nokufuthwa ngosawoti. Isibonelo, ngemithwalo evamile, amabhokisi kufanele akwazi ukumelana nesisindo esiphelele semithwalo efanayo epakishwe epakishwe ngamamitha ama-3 noma izingqimba ezi-4; ubukhulu kanye nesakhiwo samabhokisi enkuni kufanele kufanelane nezidingo zokuthutha imithwalo ngokuphephile, futhi amabhokisi enkuni aqukethe izinto eziyigugu, izinsimbi ezinembile, nezinto ezibuthakathaka akufanele zibe namaphutha njengokugqwala, ukulunywa yizinambuzane, kanye nemifantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iteyipu yokupakisha esetshenziselwa ukubopha imithwalo kufanele ikwazi ukumelana nesisindo esiphelele semithwalo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi ngeke iphuke lapho imithwalo iphakanyiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwemithwalo ngesikhathi sokuthutha.

1.2 Ukwelashwa okuvikela umswakama, ukugqwala kanye nokuvimbela izinambuzane
Indawo yokuthuthwa kolwandle inomswakama, futhi imithwalo isengozini yomswakama, ukugqwala kanye nomonakalo wezinambuzane. Ngokusho kocwaningo, inani lokulahlekelwa yimithwalo okubangelwa umswakama kanye nezinambuzane eziyingozi lingafinyelela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa okuvikela umswakama, okuvikela ukugqwala kanye nokuvikela izinambuzane kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuthunyelwa kwempahla. Ezimpahleni ezisengozini yomswakama, njengemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi kanye nezindwangu, i-desiccant ivame ukufakwa ephaketheni, enesisindo esingamagremu angama-50 ngemitha eyi-cubic yesikhala, ukuze kugcinwe indawo eyomile ephaketheni. Ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa okuvikela ukugqwala, emikhiqizweni yensimbi, uwoyela ovimbela ukugqwala, iphepha elivimbela ukugqwala kanye nezinye izinto zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela. Ubukhulu bamafutha okuvimbela ukugqwala ngokuvamile buphakathi kuka-0.1 no-0.2 mm, okungavimbela ngempumelelo ukugqwala ebusweni bensimbi. Ukwelashwa okuvimbela izinambuzane ikakhulukazi kwenzelwa izinto zokupakisha zokhuni. Ngokwezidingo ze-International Plant Protection Convention (ISPM 15), izinto zokupakisha zokhuni kumele ziphathwe ngokushisa noma zifuthwe futhi zinamathiselwe ngamalebula okuhambisana nomthetho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhlasela kwezinto eziphilayo nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa ibanga elide.

1.3 Ukumaka Nokulebula Okupakishiwe
Ukumaka nokulebula okucacile nokunembile kokupakisha kubalulekile ekuthuthweni kwempahla. Kungasiza abasebenzi ukuthi babone ngokushesha ulwazi lwempahla, kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokulayisha nokulayisha, futhi kunciphise amaphutha. Ukupakisha kumele kube nezimpawu ezicacile nezihlala isikhathi eside, okuhlanganisa igama, isisindo, ivolumu, imiyalelo yokulanda, uphawu lwempahla eyingozi (uma kusebenza), imiyalelo yokulayisha nokulayisha, njll. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Maritime Organisation, izinkinga ezifana nokuthunyelwa okungalungile nokuthunyelwa okungekho okubangelwa izimpawu zokupakisha ezingacacile zibangela cishe u-15% wezinkinga zempahla yasemanzini. Isibonelo, ezimpahleni eziyingozi, isigaba sezimpahla eziyingozi, inombolo ye-UN kanye nolunye ulwazi kumele kumakwe ngendlela efanele ngokuhambisana nezidingo ze-International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), futhi kumakwe ngemibala namaphethini akhangayo ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanayo ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Ezimpahleni ezivamile, isiqondiso sokuhamba kwezimpahla, izinyathelo zokulayisha nokulayisha, njll. kufanele futhi kumakwe ephaketheni ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwezimpahla kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthutha.

2. Izidingo zokupakisha imithwalo yomoya

2.1 Ukuqina nokuvikelwa kokupakishwa
Ukuqina nokuvikelwa kokupakisha izimpahla zomoya kuyizinto ezibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okuphephile kwezimpahla. Njengoba izimpahla zivezwa ezingozini ezifana nokushintsha komfutho womoya, ukushayisana nokushaqeka, kanye nokungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokukhipha impahla ngesikhathi sokuthutha emoyeni, ukupakisha kumele kube namandla nokuvikelwa okwanele. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), umonakalo wempahla obangelwa ukupakisha okungafanele ubangela cishe u-20% wezokuthutha emoyeni. Ngakho-ke, ukupakisha izimpahla zomoya kumele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:
Ukuqina: Izinto zokupakisha kumele zikwazi ukumelana nezingcindezi ezahlukahlukene kanye nemithelela ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Isibonelo, amabhokisi kufanele akwazi ukumelana nesisindo esiphelele sezimpahla ezifanayo ezipakishwe ezibekwe ngamamitha ama-3 noma izingqimba ezi-4; ubukhulu kanye nesakhiwo samabhokisi enkuni kufanele kufanelane nezidingo zokuthuthwa kwezimpahla ngokuphephile, kanti amabhokisi enkuni aqukethe izinto eziyigugu, izinsimbi ezinembile, nezinto ezibuthakathaka akumele abe namaphutha njengokugqwala, ukulunywa yizinambuzane, kanye nemifantu.
Isivikelo: Ukupakisha kumele kube nemisebenzi emihle yokuvikela ukuvimbela izimpahla ukuba zonakaliswe izinguquko zomfutho womoya, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ukudlidliza. Ezintweni ezibuthakathaka njengengilazi, amathuluzi okunemba, njll., kufanele kusetshenziswe ukupakisha okunezingqimba eziningi, okungukuthi, izinto zokubopha imithwalo-izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi-izinto zokubopha-ukupakisha (ukupakisha kwangaphandle), kanye nezinto zokubopha ezanele njengepulasitiki ye-foam, ifilimu yamabhamuza, njll. kufanele kugcwaliswe ephaketheni ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo wezimpahla obangelwa ukugobhoza, ukushaqeka noma ukudlidliza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngomthwalo owuketshezi, kumele kube negebe elingu-5%-10% ngaphakathi kwesitsha, isembozo kumele siqine futhi singavuzi, futhi ibhokisi kufanele ligcwaliswe ngezinto zokumboza kanye nezinto ezimunca ukuvimbela ukunyakaziswa noma ukuvuza koketshezi.

2.2 Imithethonqubo ekhethekile yokupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi
Izidingo zokupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi ngendiza ziqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Ngokwe-IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations, ukupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi kumele kuhlangabezane nemithetho elandelayo ekhethekile:
Izinto zokupakisha: Ukupakisha izimpahla eziyingozi kumele kusebenzise izinto ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke futhi ezingamelana nezingozi ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Isibonelo, ezintweni ezibolayo, izinto zokupakisha kumele zibe nokumelana okuhle nokugqwala.
Ukumaka nokulebula: Ukupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi kumele kuphawulwe kahle ngesigaba sezimpahla eziyingozi, inombolo ye-UN, igama elikhethekile lokuhamba kanye nolunye ulwazi, futhi kuphawulwe ngemibala namaphethini akhangayo ukuze kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanayo ngesikhathi sokuhamba. Ngokwezibalo ze-IATA, izingozi zokuhamba ezibangelwa ukuphawulwa okungacacile kokupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi zibangela cishe u-10% wezingozi zokuthuthwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi.
Ukuhlolwa Kokupakisha: Ukufakwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi kumele kudlule uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezinzima, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kokuwa, ukuhlolwa kokubeka izinto, ukuhlolwa kwe-hydraulic, njll., ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa. Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa kokuwa kudinga ukuthi ukufakwa kuhlale kuphelele ngemva kokuwa kusuka ezindaweni eziphakeme nezingafani ukuze kuvinjelwe izimpahla eziyingozi ukuthi zingavuzi.

2.3 Usayizi wephakheji kanye nemikhawulo yesisindo
Usayizi wephakheji kanye nesisindo sempahla yomoya kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi impahla ingadlula ukuhlolwa kokuphepha futhi ilayishwe endizeni kahle. Izidingo ezithile yilezi ezilandelayo:
Imikhawulo yobukhulu: Usayizi omkhulu wempahla yomoya ejwayelekile ungamamitha angu-2.44 × 3.15. Impahla ende noma ebanzi ingadinga imishini ekhethekile ukupakisha impahla ngokwezidingo zezindiza ezahlukene. Usayizi wempahla ejwayelekile yephalethi ungamamitha angu-1.20 × 1.20 × 1.53, kanti isisindo esiphezulu esiqhubekayo sephalethi ngayinye singamakhilogremu angu-1000.
Imikhawulo yesisindo: Emthwalweni othwalwa yindiza enomzimba obanzi, isisindo somthwalo ngamunye akumele sidlule amakhilogremu angu-250 kanti umthamo akufanele udlule ama-100 cm × 100 cm × 140 cm; emthwalweni othwalwa yindiza engeyona enomzimba obanzi, isisindo somthwalo ngamunye akumele sidlule amakhilogremu angu-80 kanti umthamo akufanele udlule ama-40 cm × 60 cm × 100 cm. Le mikhawulo eqinile yobukhulu nesisindo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthwalo ungathuthwa ngokuphephile nangokusebenza kahle, ngenkathi kugwenywa izinsongo esakhiweni sendiza kanye nokuphepha kwendiza okubangelwa umthwalo osindayo noma omkhulu kakhulu. # 3. Isifinyezo
Ukuthuthwa ngolwandle nangomoya kuyizindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile zokuthuthwa kwempahla. Zinezidingo zazo ezihlukile neziqinile zokupakishwa kwempahla. Lezi zidingo zakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezindaweni ezahlukene zokuhamba kanye nezici eziyingozi, zihlose ukwandisa ukuphepha kwempahla, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okusebenzayo.
Ukupakishwa kwempahla yolwandle kugxile ekuqineni nasekuthembekeni ukuze kubhekane nezimo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ekuthuthweni kolwandle, njengomswakama, ukufuthwa ngosawoti, kanye nokucindezela kokufakwa kwezimpahla. Ngokwezibalo ezifanele, ukulahlekelwa okubangelwa ukuqhekeka kwempahla ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kolwandle kubalelwa ku-30%. Ukwelashwa okungenamswakama, okungenagqwala kanye nokuvimbela izinambuzane nakho kuyizixhumanisi ezibalulekile ekupakishweni kwempahla yolwandle. Inani lokulahlekelwa yimpahla okubangelwa umswakama kanye nezinambuzane eziyingozi lingafinyelela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza nokulebula kwempahla okucacile nokunembile kubalulekile emithwalweni yolwandle. Izinkinga ezifana nokuthunyelwa okungalungile kanye nokuthunyelwa okungekho ngenxa yokuhlonza kwempahla okungacacile kubangela cishe u-15% wezinkinga zempahla yolwandle.
Ukupakishwa kwempahla emoyeni kugcizelela ukuqina nokuvikelwa kokubhekana nezingozi ezifana nokushintsha komfutho womoya, ukushayisana nokushaqeka, kanye nokungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokukhipha impahla. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), umonakalo wempahla obangelwa ukupakishwa okungafanele ubangela cishe u-20% wezokuthutha emoyeni. Ngokupakishwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi, ukupakishwa kwezimpahla emoyeni kunemithetho ekhethekile eqinile, okuhlanganisa izinto zokupakisha ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, izimpawu namalebula akhangayo, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqinile kokupakisha. Izingozi zokuhamba ezibangelwa izimpawu ezingacacile ekupakishweni kwezimpahla eziyingozi zibangela cishe u-10% wezingozi zokuthutha izimpahla eziyingozi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, usayizi wokupakisha nesisindo sempahla emoyeni kunqunyelwe ngokuqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi impahla ingadlula ukuhlolwa kokuphepha futhi ilayishwe endizeni kahle.
Ngamafuphi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuthuthwa ngolwandle noma ngomoya, izidingo zokupakisha ezifanele ziyisisekelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle kokuthuthwa kwempahla. Kwabathuthi, ukuqonda nokuhambisana ngokuqinile nalezi zidingo zokupakisha akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ngempumelelo ingozi yokulimala kwezimpahla ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha futhi kunciphise ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho okungadingekile.