Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha ngolwandle nangomoya

Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha ngolwandle nangomoya

Zithini iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha ngolwandle nangomoya?

1. Iimfuneko zokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha ngolwandle

1.1 Ukuqina kunye nokuthembeka kokupakishwa
Ukuqina kunye nokuthembeka kokupakisha imithwalo yokuthutha ngolwandle kubalulekile kuba imithwalo ijongene nemingeni emininzi ngexesha lokuthutha ngolwandle. Ngokwezibalo ezifanelekileyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% yokulahleka kwemithwalo kubangelwa kukuqhekeka kwemithwalo ngexesha lokuthutha ngolwandle. Izinto zokupakisha kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo oludibeneyo, ukuxhathisa kokuphatha, kunye nezinto ezingqongileyo zaselwandle ezifana nokufuma kunye nokutshizwa ngetyuwa. Umzekelo, kwimithwalo eqhelekileyo, iibhokisi kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana nobunzima obupheleleyo bemithwalo efanayo epakishweyo ebekwe kwiimitha ezi-3 okanye iileya ezi-4; ubukhulu kunye nolwakhiwo lweebhokisi zokhuni kufuneka zilungele iimfuno zokuthutha ngokukhuselekileyo imithwalo, kwaye iibhokisi zokhuni ezinezinto ezixabisekileyo, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka akufuneki zibe neziphene ezifana nokugqwala, ukulunywa zizinambuzane, kunye nemingxunya. Ukongeza, iteyiphu yokupakisha esetyenziselwa ukubopha imithwalo kufuneka ikwazi ukumelana nobunzima obupheleleyo bemithwalo kwaye iqinisekise ukuba ayizukuphuka xa imithwalo iphakanyiswa ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwemithwalo ngexesha lokuthutha.

1.2 Unyango olungenamanzi, olungenamhlwa kunye nolungenazinambuzane
Indawo yokuthutha ulwandle inomswakama, kwaye imithwalo ichaphazeleka lula kukufuma, umhlwa kunye nokonakala kwezinambuzane. Ngokwezifundo, ixabiso lokulahleka kwemithwalo okubangelwa kukufuma kunye nezinambuzane ezinobuthi linokufikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi minyaka le. Ke ngoko, unyango oluthintela ukufuma, oluthintela ukugqwala kunye noluthintela izinambuzane luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokupakisha imithwalo. Kwiimpahla ezichaphazeleka lula kukufuma, njengeemveliso ze-elektroniki kunye neempahla zelaphu, i-desiccant idla ngokufakwa kwiphakheji, enobunzima obumalunga ne-50 grams nge-cubic meter yendawo, ukugcina indawo eyomileyo kwiphakheji. Ngokuphathelele unyango oluthintela ukugqwala, kwiimveliso zesinyithi, ioyile yokulwa nokugqwala, iphepha elithintela ukugqwala kunye nezinye izinto zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela. Ubukhulu beoyile yokulwa nokugqwala ngokubanzi buphakathi kwe-0.1 kunye ne-0.2 mm, nto leyo enokuthintela ngempumelelo ukugqwala kumphezulu wesinyithi. Unyango oluthintela izinambuzane ikakhulu lwenzelwe izinto zokupakisha ezenziwe ngomthi. Ngokweemfuno zeSivumelwano soKhuseleko lweZityalo saMazwe ngaMazwe (ISPM 15), izinto zokupakisha ezenziwe ngomthi kufuneka ziphathwe ngobushushu okanye zitshiswe ngomphunga kwaye zincamathiselwe iilebheli zokuthobela imithetho ukuthintela ukungenelela kwezinto eziphilayo nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweempahla ngexesha lokuthuthwa komgama omde.

1.3 Ukumakishwa nokuLebhelishwa kokuPakisha
Ukuphawula kunye nokubhala iilebhile ezicacileyo nezichanekileyo kubalulekile ekuthuthweni kwempahla. Kunokunceda abasebenzi ukuba baqaphele ngokukhawuleza ulwazi lwempahla, kuphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokulayisha nokukhupha impahla, kwaye kunciphise iimpazamo. Ukupakisha kufuneka kube neempawu ezicacileyo nezihlala ixesha elide, kubandakanya igama, ubunzima, umthamo, imiyalelo yokuthathwa, uphawu lweempahla eziyingozi (ukuba kuyasebenza), imiyalelo yokulayisha nokukhupha impahla, njl. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Maritime Organisation, iingxaki ezifana nokuthunyelwa okungalunganga kunye nokuthunyelwa okungekhoyo okubangelwa ziimpawu zokupakisha ezingacacanga zibangela malunga ne-15% yeengxaki zempahla yaselwandle. Umzekelo, kwiimpahla eziyingozi, udidi lweempahla eziyingozi, inombolo ye-UN kunye nolunye ulwazi kufuneka luphawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ngokuhambelana neemfuno ze-International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), kwaye luphawulwe ngemibala kunye neepateni ezitsala amehlo ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Kwiimpahla eziqhelekileyo, indlela yokuhamba kweempahla, amanyathelo okulayisha nokukhupha impahla, njl. kufuneka ziphawulwe nakwiphakheji ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kakuhle kweempahla kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuthutha.

2. Iimfuneko zokupakisha imithwalo yomoya

2.1 Ukuqina nokukhuselwa kokupakishwa
Ukuqina nokukhuselwa kokupakisha imithwalo yomoya zizinto ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwempahla. Ekubeni iimpahla zichatshazelwa ziingozi ezifana nokutshintsha koxinzelelo lomoya, ukungqubana kunye nokutshayiswa, kunye nokungqubana ngexesha lokulayisha nokukhupha impahla ngexesha lokuthuthwa emoyeni, ukupakisha kufuneka kube namandla aneleyo kunye nokhuseleko. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), umonakalo wemithwalo obangelwe kukupakisha okungafanelekanga umalunga ne-20% yothutho lomoya. Ke ngoko, ukupakisha imithwalo yomoya kufuneka kuhlangabezane neemfuno ezilandelayo:
Ukomelela: Izinto zokupakisha kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo kunye neempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Umzekelo, iibhokisi kufuneka zikwazi ukumelana nobunzima obupheleleyo bempahla efanayo epakishweyo ebekwe kwiimitha ezi-3 okanye iileya ezi-4; ubukhulu kunye nolwakhiwo lweebhokisi zokhuni kufuneka zilungele iimfuno zokuthutha iimpahla ngokukhuselekileyo, kwaye iibhokisi zokhuni ezineempahla ezixabisekileyo, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, kunye nezinto ezibuthathaka akufuneki zibe neziphene ezifana nokugqwala, ukulunywa zizinambuzane, kunye nemingxunya.
Ukhuseleko: Ukupakisha kufuneka kube nemisebenzi emihle yokukhusela iimpahla ekuthinteleni ukuba zonakaliswe lutshintsho kuxinzelelo lomoya, ukuguquguquka kobushushu okanye ukungcangcazela. Kwizinto ezibuthathaka ezifana neeglasi, izixhobo ezichanekileyo, njl.njl., kufuneka kusetyenziswe ukupakisha okuneeleya ezininzi, oko kukuthi, izinto zokubopha imithwalo-izinto zokupakisha zangaphakathi-izinto zokupakisha-ukupakisha okuthuthwayo (ukupakisha kwangaphandle), kunye nezinto zokubopha ezaneleyo ezifana neeplastiki zefoam, ifilimu yamaqamza, njl.njl. kufuneka zizaliswe kwiphakheji ukunciphisa umonakalo kwiimpahla ezibangelwa kukugquma, ukubetheka okanye ukungcangcazela. Ukongeza, kwimithwalo engamanzi, kufuneka kubekho umsantsa we-5%-10% ngaphakathi kwisikhongozeli, isigqubuthelo kufuneka siqine kwaye singavuzi, kwaye ibhokisi kufuneka izaliswe zizinto zokufunxa kunye nezinto zokufunxa ukuthintela ukushukuma okanye ukuvuza kolwelo.

2.2 Imigaqo ekhethekileyo yokupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi
Iimfuneko zokupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi ngenqwelo-moya zingqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngexesha lokuthuthwa. NgokweMithetho ye-IATA Dangerous Goods, ukupakishwa kweempahla eziyingozi kufuneka kuhlangabezane nale mithetho ilandelayo ikhethekileyo:
Izinto zokupakisha: Ukupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi kufuneka kusebenzise izinto ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zikwazi ukumelana neengozi ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Umzekelo, kwizinto ezirhabaxa, izinto zokupakisha kufuneka zibe nokumelana okuhle nokugqwala.
Ukuphawula kunye nokubhala iilebhile: Ukupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi kufuneka kuphawulwe ngokuchanekileyo ngodidi lweempahla eziyingozi, inombolo ye-UN, igama lokuthutha elikhethekileyo kunye nolunye ulwazi, kwaye kuphawulwe ngemibala ekhangayo kunye neepateni ukuze kuthathwe amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Ngokwezibalo ze-IATA, iingozi zokuthutha ezibangelwa kukuphawula okungacacanga kokupakisha iimpahla eziyingozi zimalunga ne-10% yeengozi zokuthutha iimpahla eziyingozi.
Uvavanyo lokupakishwa: Uvavanyo lokupakishwa kweempahla eziyingozi kufuneka luphumelele uthotho lovavanyo oluqatha, oluquka uvavanyo lokuwa, uvavanyo lokubeka izinto ezirhangqiweyo, uvavanyo lwe-hydraulic, njl.njl., ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwazo ngexesha lokuthuthwa. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lokuwa lufuna ukuba upakisho luhlale lunjalo emva kokuba luwile ukusuka kubude obahlukeneyo kunye nee-engile ukuthintela ukuba iimpahla eziyingozi zingavuzi.

2.3 Ubungakanani bephakheji kunye nemida yobunzima
Ubungakanani bepakeji kunye nobunzima bempahla yomoya bunqunyelwe ngokungqongqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla iyakwazi ukuphumelela kuhlolo lokhuseleko kwaye ilayishwe kakuhle kwinqwelo-moya. Iimfuno ezithile zezi zilandelayo:
Imiqathango yobukhulu: Ubukhulu obukhulu bomthwalo womoya oqhelekileyo yi-2.44 yeemitha × 3.15 yeemitha. Umthwalo omde okanye obanzi unokufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokupakisha umthwalo ngokweemfuno zeenqwelo moya ezahlukeneyo. Ubungakanani bomthwalo wepalethi ngokubanzi yi-1.20 yeemitha × 1.20 yeemitha × 1.53 yeemitha, kwaye ubunzima obuphezulu obuqhubekayo bepalethi nganye yi-1000 yeekhilogram.
Imiqathango yobunzima: Kwimithwalo ethwalwa zinqwelo-moya ezibanzi, ubunzima bomthwalo ngamnye mabungadluli kwiikhilogram ezingama-250 kwaye umthamo awudluli kwi-100 cm × 100 cm × 140 cm; kwimithwalo ethwalwa zinqwelo-moya ezingezizo ezibanzi, ubunzima bomthwalo ngamnye mabungadluli kwiikhilogram ezingama-80 kwaye umthamo awudluli kwi-40 cm × 60 cm × 100 cm. Le miqathango yobukhulu obungqongqo kunye nobunzima yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthwalo unokuthuthwa ngokukhuselekileyo nangokufanelekileyo, ngelixa kuthintelwa ubungozi kwisakhiwo seenqwelo-moya kunye nokhuseleko lokubhabha olubangelwa yimithwalo egqithisileyo okanye enkulu kakhulu. # 3. Isishwankathelo
Uthutho lwaselwandle nolwe-moya ziindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zothutho lwempahla. Zineemfuno zazo ezizodwa nezingqongqo zokupakisha impahla. Ezi mfuno zenziwe ngokusekelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zothutho kunye nemiba yomngcipheko, zijolise ekukhuselekeni kwempahla, ukunciphisa ilahleko ngexesha lokuthuthwa, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okusebenzayo.
Ukupakishwa kwemithwalo yolwandle kugxile ekuqineni nasekugqibeleleni ukuze kujongwane neemeko ezinzima zokusingqongileyo ekuthuthweni kolwandle, ezifana nokufuma, ukutshizwa kwetyuwa, kunye noxinzelelo lokufaka izinto. Ngokwezibalo ezifanelekileyo, ilahleko ezibangelwa kukuqhekeka kwemithwalo ngexesha lokuthuthwa kolwandle zifikelela kwi-30%. Unyango olungenamswakama, olungenamhlwa kunye nolungenazinambuzane nalo luyinto ebalulekileyo ekupakishweni kwemithwalo yolwandle. Ixabiso lokulahleka kwemithwalo okubangelwa kukufuma kunye nezinambuzane ezinobuthi linokufikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi minyaka le. Ukongeza, ukuchongwa kwemithwalo okucacileyo nokuchanekileyo kunye nokulebhelishwa kwayo kubalulekile kwimithwalo yolwandle. Iingxaki ezinje ngokuthunyelwa ngendlela engafanelekanga kunye nokuthunyelwa okungekho ngenxa yokuchongwa kwemithwalo okungacacanga zibangela malunga ne-15% yeengxaki zemithwalo yolwandle.
Ukupakishwa kwempahla emoyeni kugxininisa ukuqina nokhuseleko lokujongana nemingcipheko efana nokutshintsha koxinzelelo lomoya, ukungqubana kunye nokutshayiswa, kunye nokungqubana ngexesha lokulayisha nokukhupha impahla. Ngokwezibalo ezivela kwi-International Air Transport Association (IATA), umonakalo wempahla obangelwe kukupakisha okungafanelekanga ubangela malunga ne-20% yezothutho zomoya. Kwiphakheji yeempahla eziyingozi, ukuthuthwa kwempahla emoyeni kunemigaqo ekhethekileyo engqongqo, kubandakanya izixhobo zokupakisha ezihlangabezana nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, iimpawu ezitsala amehlo kunye neelebheli, kunye novavanyo oluqinileyo lokupakishwa. Iingozi zothutho ezibangelwa ziimpawu ezingacacanga kwiphakheji yeempahla eziyingozi zibangela malunga ne-10% yeengozi zothutho lweempahla eziyingozi. Kwangaxeshanye, ubungakanani bokupakisha kunye nobunzima bempahla yomoya bunqunyelwe ngokuqinileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba impahla ingadlula kuhlolo lokhuseleko kwaye ilayishwe kwinqwelo-moya kakuhle.
Ngamafutshane, nokuba kukuthuthwa ngolwandle okanye ngomoya, iimfuno zokupakisha ezifanelekileyo zisisiseko sokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthuthwa kwemithwalo. Kubathuthi, ukuqonda nokuthobela ngokungqongqo ezi mfuno zokupakisha akunakunciphisa kuphela umngcipheko wokonakala kwempahla ngexesha lokuthuthwa, kodwa kukwaphucula nokusebenza kakuhle kokuthuthwa kwaye kunciphise ilahleko ezingeyomfuneko kwezoqoqosho.