Igereranya ry'ibiciro by'imizigo yo mu kirere n'iyo mu mazi n'igihe

1. Ikiguzi

1.1 Imiterere n'imiterere y'ibiciro by'ubwikorezi bw'indege
Ibiciro by'ubwikorezi mu ndege ahanini bikubiyemo ibice bikurikira:
Ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi: Iki ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere, akenshi kibarwa hashingiwe ku buremere cyangwa ingano y'ibicuruzwa. Igiciro cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere kiri hejuru bitewe n'ikiguzi cyo hejuru cy'imikorere y'indege, harimo lisansi, kubungabunga indege, ikiguzi cy'abakozi, nibindi. Urugero, igiciro cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga bifite agaciro kanini biva mu Bushinwa bijya muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gishobora kuba inshuro 5-10 z'igiciro cy'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi.
Inyongera ku giciro cya lisansi: Bitewe n'ihindagurika ry'ibiciro bya peteroli ku rwego mpuzamahanga, inyongera ku giciro cya lisansi izahindurwa uko bikwiye, bikagira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku kiguzi cy'ubwikorezi bw'indege.
Inyongera ku mutekano: Amafaranga y'inyongera ashyirwaho n'ibigo by'indege kugira ngo bihangane n'ibyago by'umutekano, kandi igipimo cyayo kigenwa n'ibigo by'indege hashingiwe ku miterere nyayo.
Amafaranga yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo: Harimo amafaranga yo gutangaza ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, amafaranga yo kugenzura ibicuruzwa, n'ibindi, amafaranga yihariye aratandukanye bitewe n'icyiciro, agaciro na politiki y'igihugu cyo gutumiza ibicuruzwa.
Amafaranga yo kubika: Amafaranga yakoreshejwe mu gihe ibicuruzwa bitegereje kwemererwa gukurwa mu modoka no koherezwa ku kibuga cy'indege cyangwa mu bubiko, abarwa hakurikijwe igiciro cy'ububiko n'igihe cyo kubika.
Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi: Ikiguzi cyo gutanga ubwishingizi bw'ubwikorezi ku bicuruzwa, n'igipimo kigenwa hashingiwe ku bintu nk'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa n'ingaruka zishobora guterwa no gutwara ibintu.
Ikiguzi cyo gupakira: Ukurikije imiterere y'ibicuruzwa n'ibisabwa mu gutwara, hitamo ibikoresho n'uburyo bikwiye bwo gupakira, kandi ikiguzi cyabyo gitandukana bitewe n'ibicuruzwa.
Amafaranga yo gutwara cyangwa gutanga: Abarwa hakurikijwe intera n'umubare w'ifatwa cyangwa gutanga, hashingiwe ku giciro cya buri kimwe cyangwa ku bipimo bihoraho byo kwishyuza.
Ibiranga ibiciro by'ubwikorezi bw'indege ni igiciro kiri hejuru kandi kijyanye n'igihe. Nubwo imizigo iri hejuru, umuvuduko wo gutwara ni wihuta, bikaba bikwiye gutwara ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bitwara igihe.

1.2 Imiterere n'imiterere y'ibiciro by'imizigo yo mu mazi
Ibiciro by'imizigo yo mu mazi ahanini bikubiyemo ibice bikurikira:
Umuzigo w'ibanze wo mu mazi: Iki ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'ikiguzi cy'umuzigo wo mu mazi, kibarwa hashingiwe ku buremere cyangwa ingano y'ibicuruzwa. Umuzigo w'ibanze wo mu mazi uratandukana bitewe n'ibintu nk'inzira, amasosiyete yo gutwara ibintu, n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa.
Inyongera ku biciro bya lisansi: Bitewe n'ibiciro biri hejuru bya lisansi by'amato, inyongera ku biciro bya lisansi ni igice cy'ingenzi cy'ibiciro by'imizigo yo mu mazi. Iyo ibiciro bya peteroli mpuzamahanga bizamutse, ibiciro bya lisansi by'amasosiyete yo gutwara ibintu biriyongera, kandi ibiciro by'imizigo yo mu mazi na byo biziyongera uko bikwiye.
Amafaranga y'ibyambu: Amato agomba kwishyura amafaranga menshi iyo yinjira cyangwa asohoka mu byambu, harimo amafaranga yo ku cyambu, amafaranga yo gutwara ubwato, amafaranga yo gukurura ubwato, n'ibindi. Amabwiriza agenga kwishyuza ku byambu bitandukanye aratandukanye cyane. Urugero, amafaranga y'ibyambu mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe byateye imbere ari hejuru cyane.
Amafaranga yo mu gace: harimo amafaranga yo gucunga ikigo, amafaranga y'inyandiko, amafaranga yo gusohora telex, amafaranga yo guhindura inyemezabuguzi, amafaranga yo kuvunjisha inyemezabuguzi, amafaranga yo gupakira, amafaranga yo kwiyandikisha, n'ibindi.
Andi mafaranga: arimo imisoro, amafaranga yo kwishyura imisoro, amafaranga yo kugenzura no gushyira mu kato, amafaranga y’ikigo, amafaranga y’inyandiko, n’ibindi, bitandukanye hakurikijwe amategeko n’amabwiriza y’ibihugu n’uturere bitandukanye.
Amafaranga y'ubwishingizi: akoreshwa mu kurinda umutekano w'ibicuruzwa n'uburyozwe bw'ubwishingizi.
Ibiranga ibiciro byo gutwara ibintu mu mazi ni ibiciro biri hasi ndetse n'ubwikorezi bunini. Gutwara ibintu mu mazi birakwiriye gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi cyane cyane ibicuruzwa binini n'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gato, hamwe n'ibiciro byo gutwara ibintu biri hasi, ariko igihe kirekire cyo gutwara ibintu.

1.3 Isesengura ry'igereranya ry'ibiciro
Ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi: Ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere kiri hejuru cyane ugereranyije n'icyo gutwara abantu mu mazi. Muri rusange, igiciro cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere ni inshuro 3-5 z'ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi, naho gari ya moshi ikaba inshuro 2-3 z'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi. Urugero, kuva mu Bushinwa kugera i Burayi, ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi mu kirere gishobora kuba inshuro 5-10 z'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi.
Inyongera ku giciro cya lisansi: Inyongera ku giciro cya lisansi mu gutwara abantu mu kirere no mu mazi byombi bigira ingaruka ku ihindagurika ry'ibiciro bya peteroli ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ariko inyongera ku giciro cya lisansi mu gutwara abantu mu kirere ni nyinshi kuko indege zifite igipimo cyo hejuru cy'ikoreshwa rya lisansi.
Amafaranga y'Icyambu/Ikibuga cy'Indege: Amafaranga y'ibyambu ku gutwara abantu mu mazi aratandukanye bitewe n'icyambu, aho amafaranga menshi mu bihugu byateye imbere n'amafaranga make mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Amafaranga y'ibibuga by'indege ku gutwara abantu mu kirere ari hejuru, kandi hari andi mafaranga menshi atandukanye nk'amafaranga y'ibikorwa by'ikibuga cy'indege n'amafaranga y'umutekano.
Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi: Ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi ku gutwara abantu mu kirere no mu mazi gigenwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa n'ingaruka zo gutwara abantu, ariko ikiguzi cy'ubwishingizi ku gutwara abantu mu kirere ni gito cyane kuko gutwara abantu mu kirere ari byiza.
Ikiguzi cyo kubika: Igihe cyo kubika ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi gishobora kuba kirekire, cyane cyane mu gihe hari ubucucike bw'ibyambu, ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu kiziyongera. Igihe cyo kubika ibicuruzwa byo mu kirere ni gito kandi ikiguzi cyo kubika ibintu kiri hasi.
Gutwara abantu mu kirere bikurikiza igihe: Gutwara abantu mu kirere bikurikiza igihe kandi birakwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bikoresha igihe. Gutwara abantu mu mazi bikurikiza igihe kandi birakwiriye ibicuruzwa byinshi bifite agaciro gake.
Muri rusange, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite ibiciro biri hejuru ariko bujyanye n'igihe, bukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bitwara igihe; ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bufite ibiciro biri hasi ariko bujyanye n'igihe, bukwiriye ibicuruzwa byinshi bifite agaciro gake. Mu gihe cyo guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, ibigo bigomba kuzirikana byimbitse hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa n'ibikenewe mu gutwara abantu.

2. Ibijyanye n'igihe

2.1 Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu kirere bukoresha neza igihe
Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ni bumwe mu buryo bwihuse bwo gutwara abantu, kandi gukoresha neza igihe bifite ibyiza bikomeye. Muri rusange, igihe cyo gutwara abantu mu kirere kiri hagati y'amasaha make n'iminsi mike, bitewe n'intera iri hagati y'aho baturutse n'aho bagana. Urugero, gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi biva mu Bushinwa bijya muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hakoreshejwe indege bishobora gufata iminsi 1-2 gusa, mu gihe gutwara abantu mu mazi bifata iminsi 30-45. Ubu buryo bwihuse bwo gutwara abantu butuma gutwara abantu mu kirere biba byiza cyane ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bitwara igihe kirekire, nk'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, indabyo, ibiryo bishya, nibindi, bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bigera aho bijya mu gihe gito kandi bikagabanya ibyago byo gutakaza no kugabanuka kw'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gutwara abantu.
Byongeye kandi, ingendo zo mu kirere zikunze gukorwa kenshi, cyane cyane mu nzira mpuzamahanga zikomeye, hari ingendo nyinshi zikorwa buri munsi, ibyo bikaba birushaho kunoza uburyo bwo gutwara imizigo no kuyikoresha neza. Umuvuduko w’ingendo zo mu kirere ushobora kwihutishwa no kunoza uburyo bwo gupakira imizigo, gutegura ingendo mbere y’igihe, gushimangira igenzura n’ikurikirana, gufasha gutangaza ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo mbere y’igihe, no gushyiraho serivisi zihuse zo kugabanya ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo.

2.2 Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu mazi bukoresha igihe neza
Igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi ni kirekire, ariko gifite akamaro ko gutwara ibicuruzwa mu buryo bunini. Igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi akenshi kiba hagati y'iminsi mike n'ibyumweru bike cyangwa kirenzeho, bitewe n'umubyigano w'inzira n'icyambu. Urugero, kuva mu Bushinwa kugera ku cyambu cy'ibanze mu Burayi, igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa muri rusange kiba kingana n'iminsi 30, mu gihe icyambu gishobora gusaba indi minsi 7. Gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi bikwiriye gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi, cyane cyane ibicuruzwa byinshi n'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gake nka amakara, amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyampeke, nibindi, bifite ibisabwa bike mu gihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa kandi byibanda cyane ku kugenzura ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi.
Ikoreshwa ry'igihe mu gutwara abantu mu mazi riterwa n'ibintu byinshi, birimo guhitamo inzira, umuvuduko w'ubwato, imikorere myiza y'icyambu, imiterere y'ikirere, nibindi. Ikoreshwa ry'igihe mu gutwara abantu mu mazi rishobora kunozwa binyuze mu kunoza uburyo bwo guhitamo inzira, kongera umuvuduko w'ubwato, kunoza imikorere myiza y'ibyambu, no gutegura neza uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura imizigo. Ariko, bitewe n'intera ndende y'ubwikorezi n'aho gutwara abantu mu mazi bihurira, ikoreshwa ry'igihe riracyari hasi, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'umubyigano w'ibyambu, igihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa gishobora kongerwa.

2.3 Isesengura ry'igereranya ry'igihe
Itandukaniro mu mikoreshereze y'igihe hagati y'ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere n'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi rigaragarira ahanini muri ibi bikurikira:
Umuvuduko wo gutwara abantu: Umuvuduko wo gutwara abantu mu kirere wihuta cyane kurusha uwo gutwara abantu mu mazi. Umuvuduko wo gutwara abantu mu kirere ubusanzwe ni kilometero 800-900 ku isaha, mu gihe umuvuduko wo gutwara abantu mu mazi utandukana bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubwato n'inzira, muri rusange ni kilometero 20-30 ku isaha. Ibi bivuze ko gutwara abantu mu kirere bishobora kurangiza gutwara abantu mu ntera ndende mu gihe gito, mu gihe gutwara abantu mu mazi bifata igihe kirekire.
Igihe cyo gutwara: Igihe cyo gutwara abantu mu kirere gisanzwe kiri hagati y'iminsi 1-7, mu gihe igihe cyo gutwara abantu mu mazi gishobora kuba iminsi 10-45 cyangwa irenga. Gutwara abantu mu kirere bikwiye gutwara abantu byihutirwa n'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini, kandi bishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'abakiriya vuba; mu gihe gutwara abantu mu mazi bikwiriye gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi byibanda ku kugenzura ikiguzi.
Gutwara ibintu mu kirere ku gihe: Gutwara ibintu mu kirere bifite igihe gikwiye, bishobora gutuma ibicuruzwa bigera aho bigomba kugera mu gihe gito, kandi bikaba bikwiriye ibicuruzwa bikoresha igihe. Gutwara ibintu mu mazi bifite igihe gito kandi bikaba bikoresha igihe kirekire, bikaba bikwiriye ibicuruzwa bikoresha igihe gikwiye.
Ubworoherane: Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite ingendo nyinshi, kandi guhitamo aho buva n'aho bujya birahinduka, bishobora gusubiza vuba ibyo abakiriya bakeneye. Inzira zo gutwara abantu mu mazi zirahoraho, kandi gahunda y'amato n'uburyo bwo gupakira no gupakurura ibicuruzwa bisaba igihe kirekire kugira ngo bikorwe, kandi ubworoherane ni buke.
Muri rusange, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite inyungu zigaragara mu gukoresha neza igihe kandi bukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini kandi bikoresha igihe; mu gihe ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bufite igihe gito kandi bukwiriye ibicuruzwa binini kandi bifite agaciro gato. Mu gihe cyo guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, ibigo bigomba kuzirikana mu buryo burambuye hashingiwe ku bintu nk'imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, ibyo abakiriya bakeneye n'ikiguzi cy'ubwikorezi kugira ngo bigere ku ngaruka nziza zo gutwara abantu.

3. Incamake
Kubera ko uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara imizigo mpuzamahanga, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere n'ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bifite imiterere yabyo y'ingenzi mu giciro n'igihe, kandi bikwiranye n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibicuruzwa n'ibikenewe mu gutwara.
Ukurikije ikiguzi, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite igiciro cyo hejuru, ariko bujyanye n'igihe, kandi bukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bikoresha lisansi, amafaranga y'umutekano, amafaranga yo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo, nibindi ni menshi, ariko amafaranga yo kubika no kwishyura ubwishingizi ni make. Mu buryo bunyuranye, ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bufite igiciro gito kandi bukwiriye gutwara imizigo minini kandi ifite agaciro gato. Amafaranga y'ibanze yo gutwara imizigo, lisansi n'amafaranga yo ku cyambu yo gutwara imizigo yo mu mazi ni make, ariko igihe cyo kubika gishobora kuba kirekire, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo kubika cyiyongera.
Ku bijyanye n'imikorere myiza y'igihe, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bwihuta cyane kurusha ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi, kandi igihe cyo gutwara ubusanzwe kiba hagati y'umunsi 1-7. Bushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'abakiriya vuba kandi bukwiriye gutwara byihutirwa n'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini. Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere bufite ingendo nyinshi, guhitamo inzira zigenda n'aho zijya, kandi bushobora gusubiza vuba ibyifuzo by'abakiriya. Ariko, ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi bufite igihe kirekire cyo gutwara, ubusanzwe iminsi 10-45 cyangwa irenga, bukwiriye gutwara ibicuruzwa byinshi kandi bwibanda ku kugenzura ikiguzi. Imikoreshereze myiza y'igihe cyo gutwara ibintu mu mazi iterwa n'ibintu byinshi nko guhitamo inzira, umuvuduko w'ubwato, imikorere myiza y'icyambu, imiterere y'ikirere, nibindi, kandi igihe cyo gutwara kizongerwa igihe icyambu kizaba cyuzuye.
Muri rusange, mu gihe cyo guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, ibigo bigomba gusuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse ibintu nk'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa, ibisabwa ku gihe, ikiguzi cyo gutwara abantu, n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa. Ku bicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bikoresha igihe, nk'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, indabo, ibiryo bishya, nibindi, gutwara abantu mu kirere ni amahitamo meza; mu gihe ku bicuruzwa byinshi bifite agaciro gake, nk'amakara, amabuye y'agaciro, ibinyampeke, nibindi, gutwara abantu mu mazi ni ingirakamaro kurushaho. Mu guhitamo uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu buryo bukwiye, ibigo bishobora kugera ku buringanire bwiza hagati y'ikiguzi n'imikorere myiza no guhaza ibyo ubucuruzi bukeneye bitandukanye.