Yiziphi ezinye zezinselele ezivamile ngengxenye yezokuthutha yenqubo ye-ejensi?

Yiziphi izinselele ezivamile engxenyeni yezokuthutha yenqubo ye-ejensi?

1. Izinselele ekuxhumaneni kwezokuthutha

1.1 Ubunzima bokukhetha indlela yokuthutha
Ekuxhumaneni kwezokuthutha kwama-ejenti ezokuthutha, ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuthutha kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile, kodwa le nqubo ibhekene nezinkinga eziningi.
Ukuqhathanisa izici zempahla nezindlela zokuhamba: Izici zempahla ehlukene zinquma izindlela zokuhamba ezifanele. Isibonelo, imishini emikhulu yemishini ngokuvamile idinga ukuthunyelwa olwandle, ngoba ukuthuthwa kolwandle kungathutha impahla enkulu kakhulu futhi ekhuluphele ngezindleko eziphansi. Ngokwezibalo, ukuthuthwa kolwandle kubalwa ngaphezu kwama-90% okuthuthwa kwempahla emhlabeni jikelele. Emikhiqizweni ye-elekthronikhi enenani eliphezulu nethinta isikhathi, ukuthuthwa komoya kuyindlela efaneleka kakhulu. Nakuba kubiza kakhulu, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla zifika endaweni oya kuyo ngokushesha.
Ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza kahle: Ukukhetha indlela yokuhamba kudinga ukuthola ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza kahle. Nakuba ukuhamba ngendiza kushesha, kuyabiza; ngenkathi ukuhamba ngemikhumbi kushibhile, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthutha. Ngokusho kwe-International Freight Forwarders Association (FIATA), ukuthutha ngendiza kuvame ukuphindwe ka-5-10 kunokuthutha ngemikhumbi. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthutha kudingeka acabangele indlela yokuhamba ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe enanini lezimpahla, ukuphuthuma, kanye nesabelomali sekhasimende.
Ukuhlela umzila wezokuthutha: Ukukhetha umzila wezokuthutha kuzothinta nesinqumo sendlela yokuhamba. Isibonelo, kwamanye amadolobha angaphakathi nezwe, kungadingeka ukuhlanganisa ezokuthutha zesitimela noma zomgwaqo ukuze kuthuthwe ngezindlela eziningi. Nakuba ezokuthutha ngezindlela eziningi zingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezokuthutha, futhi kwandisa ubunzima kanye nezindleko zokusebenza. Ngokwezibalo, izindleko zokuhamba zezindlela eziningi zokuhamba ziphakeme ngo-15%-20% kunezo zendlela eyodwa yokuhamba.
Izici Zemvelo: Njengoba ulwazi lwezemvelo lukhula, umthelela wezindlela zokuhamba ngemvelo nawo usuyinto ebalulekile. Isibonelo, ezokuthutha ngemigwaqo zikhipha ukukhishwa okukhulu kwekhabhoni, kuyilapho ezokuthutha ngesitimela nangolwandle zinobungani kakhulu nemvelo. Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kwezokuthutha ngesitimela kuyi-1/3 kuphela yezokuthutha ngemigwaqo. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthutha nawo kudingeka acabangele umthelela wawo emvelweni lapho ekhetha indlela yokuhamba ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zentuthuko esimeme zamakhasimende nomphakathi.
Imithethonqubo kanye nezinqubomgomo zendawo oya kuyo: Imithethonqubo kanye nezinqubomgomo zamazwe nezifunda ezahlukene nazo zithinta indlela yokuhamba. Isibonelo, amanye amazwe anemithethonqubo eqinile ngezindlela zokuhamba zezimpahla ezithile, njengokuthuthwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso ezithile zokuphepha kanye nezindlela zokuhamba. Ama-ejenti e-logistics kudingeka ajwayelane nemithethonqubo kanye nezinqubomgomo zendawo oya kuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni kanye nokuphepha kwezokuthutha.
Ngamafuphi, ubunzima bokukhetha indlela yokuhamba abubandakanyi nje kuphela izici zempahla, izindleko, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezici zemvelo, kodwa futhi kunqunyelwe yimithetho nemigomo yendawo oya kuyo. Ama-ejenti e-logistics kudingeka acabangele lezi zici ngokuphelele futhi anikeze amakhasimende uhlelo lokuhamba olufanele kakhulu.

2. Izinselele zokuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla

2.1 Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yokugcina izinto
Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yokugcina izinto kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezindawo zokugcina impahla enqubweni ye-ejensi yezokuthutha, kodwa le nqubo ibhekene nezinselele eziningi.
Ukwehlukahluka kwezidingo zokugcina imithwalo: Imithwalo ehlukene inezimo ezahlukene, osayizi, isisindo, kanye nezimo zokugcina, okubeka izidingo eziphezulu ekuhleleni nasekusetshenzisweni kwendawo yokugcina. Isibonelo, imithwalo emikhulu idinga isikhala esikhulu, kuyilapho imithwalo emincane idinga izindlela zokugcina ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina imithwalo emikhulu livame ukuba ngu-60%-70% kuphela, kuyilapho izinga lokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina imithwalo emincane lingafinyelela ku-80%-90%. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthutha kudingeka ahlele indawo yokugcina ngokufanele ngokwezici zemithwalo ukuze athuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwendawo.
Umehluko ekushintsheni kwempahla: Amazinga okushintsha kwempahla yezimpahla ezahlukene nawo ayahlukahluka kakhulu, okuthinta ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Izimpahla ezinezinga eliphezulu lokushintsha impahla kudingeka zingene futhi ziphume endlini yokugcina impahla kaningi, kuyilapho izimpahla ezinezinga eliphansi lokushintsha impahla zingase zithathe indawo yokugcina isikhathi eside. Ngokusho kwedatha yemboni, umjikelezo ojwayelekile wempahla enezinga eliphezulu lokushintsha impahla uyizinsuku ezingu-15-30, kanti umjikelezo wempahla enezinga eliphansi lokushintsha impahla ungaba yizinyanga eziningana. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthutha kudingeka ahlele ngokufanele indawo yokugcina kanye nendlela yokugcina ngokwezinga lokushintsha kwempahla ukuze athuthukise ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla.
Imikhawulo yezindawo zokugcina impahla: Ukuhlelwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwemishini yezindawo zokugcina impahla kuzothinta nokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Isibonelo, ukuphakama kwamashalofu, ububanzi bezindawo zokubeka impahla, umthamo wokuthwala we-forklift, njll. kuzoba nomthelela ekugcinweni nasekuphathweni kwezimpahla. Ngokwezibalo, ukuphakama kweshelufu okunengqondo kungandisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla ngo-10%-15%, kuyilapho ububanzi bezindawo zokubeka impahla obufanele bunganciphisa isikhathi kanye nezindleko zokuphathwa kwempahla. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthutha impahla adinga ukwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwesitoreji kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini ngokwesimo sangempela sezindawo zokugcina impahla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla.
Izidingo zokuphepha nokuthobela imithetho: Ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla nakho kudinga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuphepha nokuthobela imithetho, okuzonciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla. Isibonelo, ukugcinwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi kudinga ukuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuphepha ezithile, ezidinga izindawo zokugcina impahla ezihlukene kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zomlilo, izindawo zokuphuma zokuphepha, njll. nazo zidinga ukuhlala endaweni ethile yokugcina impahla. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti ezokuthuthwa kwempahla kudingeka acabangele ngokugcwele izidingo zokuphepha nokuthobela imithetho lapho ehlela indawo yokugcina impahla ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni nokuphepha kokuphathwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla.
Ubunzima bokuphathwa kwempahla eguquguqukayo: Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla kudinga futhi ukucabangela ubunzima bokuphathwa kwempahla eguquguqukayo. Njengoba isidingo semakethe sishintsha, impahla eqoqweni nayo izoshintsha njalo, okudinga ukuthi uhlelo lokuphathwa kwempahla yokugcina impahla lukwazi ukulungisa ukwabiwa kwendawo yokugcina impahla ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokusho kocwaningo, ukuphathwa kwempahla eguquguqukayo kungakhuphula izinga lokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla ngo-5%-10%, kodwa futhi kwandisa ubunzima kanye nezindleko zokuphatha. Ngakho-ke, ama-ejenti e-logistics adinga ukwethula izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwempahla ethuthukisiwe ukuze kufezwe ukulungiswa okuguquguqukayo kwendawo yokugcina impahla.
Ngamafuphi, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yokugcina impahla kubhekene nezinselele eziningi, njengokuhlukahluka kwezidingo zokugcina impahla, umehluko ekushintsheni kwempahla, imikhawulo yezindawo zokugcina impahla, izidingo zokuphepha kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho, kanye nobunzima bokuphathwa kwempahla okuguquguqukayo. Ama-ejenti e-logistics adinga ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwendawo yokugcina impahla futhi anciphise izindleko zokugcina impahla ngokuhlela nokuphatha ngokwesayensi, ngenkathi eqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuhambisana nokuphathwa kwempahla yokugcina impahla.

3. Izinselele zokumenyezelwa kwemithetho yamasiko kanye nokuhambisana nayo

3.1 Umehluko emithethweni emazweni ahlukene
Engxenyeni yezokuthutha yenqubo ye-ejensi, ukumenyezelwa kwentela kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho kubalulekile futhi kuyinselele. Ukwehluka kwemithetho emazweni ahlukene kulethe ubunzima obuningi kuma-ejenti ezokuthutha.
Ubunzima bemithethonqubo: Kunomehluko omkhulu emithethweni yamasiko, izinqubomgomo zokuhweba, izidingo zokuhlola kanye nokuhlukaniswa, njll. emazweni ahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, imithethonqubo yamasiko yase-United States igxile ekuphenyweni kokulwa nokulahla impahla kanye nokulwa nokuxhaswa, futhi ibukeza ngokucophelela amanani kanye nemvelaphi yezimpahla ezingenisiwe; i-European Union inaka kakhulu amazinga okuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuphepha, futhi ibeka izithiyo zokungena eziphakeme zamakhemikhali athile kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi. Le mithethonqubo eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukuthi ama-ejenti ezokuthutha abe nokuqonda okujulile kwemithetho nemithethonqubo yamazwe aqondiwe, ngaphandle kwalokho angabhekana nengozi yokuthi izimpahla zithathwe, zihlawuliswe, noma zivinjelwe ukungeniswa.
Ukubuyekezwa okuvamile kwemithethonqubo: Isimo sokuhweba samazwe ngamazwe sishintsha njalo, futhi imithethonqubo yamazwe ahlukahlukene nayo ivuselelwa njalo. Isibonelo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokukhula kokuvikelwa kwezohwebo, amazwe amaningi alungise izinqubomgomo zawo zentela kanye nemikhawulo yezohwebo. Ama-ejenti e-logistics adinga ukulandelela lezi zinguquko ngesikhathi esifanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibhalo yesimemezelo samasiko kanye nemisebenzi kuhlangabezana nezidingo zakamuva. Ngokwezibalo zemboni, izinga lamaphutha esimemezelo samasiko elibangelwa izibuyekezo zomthetho licishe libe ngu-10%-15% minyaka yonke, okuletha ukulahlekelwa kwesikhathi esengeziwe kanye nezindleko emabhizinisini.
Umehluko emithethweni yokuvela: Amazwe ahlukene anezindinganiso ezahlukene zokunquma imvelaphi, okuthinta ngqo amanani afanele kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuhweba zezimpahla. Isibonelo, amanye amazwe amukela indinganiso "yoshintsho olukhulu", kanti amanye ayinquma ngokusekelwe ezinqubweni zokucubungula noma izilinganiso zezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ama-ejenti okuthuthwa kwempahla kudingeka anqume ngokunembile imvelaphi yezimpahla ukuze agweme izinhlawulo zokumenyezelwa okungalungile kwemvelaphi.
Izithiyo zolimi namasiko: Umehluko wolimi namasiko phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene nawo ukhulisa ubunzima bokumenyezelwa kwamasiko. Isibonelo, imibhalo yamasiko kwamanye amazwe idinga ukugcwaliswa ngolimi lwendawo futhi ibe nezidingo eziqinile zefomethi nokuqukethwe. Lapho besingatha izimemezelo zamasiko eziwela imingcele, ama-ejenti e-logistics kudingeka anqobe izithiyo zolimi futhi aqinisekise ukunemba nokuphelela kwamadokhumenti.
Izindleko zokuthobela imithetho ezikhuphukile: Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomthetho zamazwe ahlukene, ama-ejenti e-logistics kudingeka atshale isikhathi esiningi kanye nezinsizakusebenza ekuphathweni kokuthobela imithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe, ukuthenga isofthiwe yokuthobela imithetho, kanye nokusungula uhlelo lwangaphakathi lokuthobela imithetho. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso sezindleko zokuthobela imithetho ezindleleni zokusebenza eziphelele zama-ejenti e-logistics sikhuphuke sisuka ku-5% esikhathini esidlule saya ku-10%-15%, okubeka inselele enzuzweni yamabhizinisi.
Ngamafuphi, umehluko emithethweni emazweni ahlukene ulethe izinselelo eziningi ekumemezelweni kwamasiko kanye nezixhumanisi zokuthobela imithetho yama-ejenti e-logistics. Ama-ejenti e-logistics adinga ukuthuthukisa njalo amakhono awo okuthobela imithetho kanye nezindinganiso zobungcweti ukuze abhekane nesimo sokuhweba samazwe ngamazwe esiba nzima ngokwengeziwe.

4. Izinselele zokuphathwa kolwazi

4.1 Ukuvuselelwa kwesikhathi sangempela kolwazi lwezokuthutha
Ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekuphathweni kolwazi enqubweni ye-ejensi, kodwa ibhekene nezinselele eziningi ekusebenzeni kwangempela.
Ingqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe enganele: Izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe ezikhona zezinkampani eziningi zokuthutha azikwazi ukusekela ukudluliswa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwedatha ngesikhathi sangempela. Isibonelo, ezinye izinhlelo zokuphatha izimpahla ezindala azikwazi ukuxhunyaniswa ngaphandle komthungo nohlelo lokuphatha ezokuthutha, okuholela ekungakwazi ukuvumelanisa ulwazi lwezimpahla ezikuyo izimpahla kanye nangesikhathi sokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngokwezibalo, cishe ama-40% ezinkampani zokuthutha asathembele ekufakweni kwedatha ngesandla, okungekona nje kuphela okungasebenzi kahle kodwa futhi okuvame ukuba namaphutha.
Izinkinga zokunemba kwedatha: Ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kudinga ukufakwa kwedatha okunembile, kodwa ekusebenzeni kwangempela, amaphutha edatha avame ukwenzeka. Isibonelo, ulwazi olufana nesisindo, usayizi, kanye nenani lezimpahla lungaphambuka lapho kungena, okuholela ezinkingeni ezilandelanayo zokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemboni, izinga lamaphutha edatha ekuphathweni kolwazi lwezokuthutha liphezulu njengo-5%-10%, okuthinta kakhulu ukuthembeka kanye nohlobo lolwazi ngesikhathi sangempela.
Ubunzima ekuhlanganisweni kwesistimu: Ama-ejenti e-logistics ahilela izixhumanisi eziningi kanye nabahlanganyeli abaningi, njengabaphakeli, abathwali, izindawo zokugcina impahla, njll., futhi izinhlelo zolwazi zesixhumanisi ngasinye zivame ukuba nzima ukuzihlanganisa. Isibonelo, uhlelo lokuphatha ezokuthutha olusetshenziswa abathwali abahlukene lungase lungahambisani nohlelo lwe-ejenti ye-logistics, okuholela ekudlulisweni kolwazi okungekuhle. Ngokwezibalo, ukubambezeleka kolwazi okubangelwa izinkinga zokuhlanganiswa kwesistimu kubangela u-30% wezinkinga zokuphathwa kolwazi lwe-logistics.
Izingozi zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi: Njengoba ulwazi lwezokuthutha lukhula ngedijithali, izingozi zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi nazo ziyanda. Isibonelo, ukuhlaselwa ngabaduni kungaholela ekuphuzeni ulwazi lwezokuthutha noma ukukhubazeka kohlelo, okuthinta ukubuyekezwa kwesikhathi sangempela kanye nokunemba kolwazi. Ngokusho kocwaningo, imboni yezokuthutha ilahlekelwa amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke ngenxa yezinkinga zokuphepha kwe-inthanethi.
Ukuqeqeshwa okunganele kwabasebenzi: Ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kudinga ukuthi opharetha babe namakhono athile obuchwepheshe kanye nemininingwane yokusebenza, kodwa izinkampani eziningi zezokuthutha azihlinzeki ngokuqeqeshwa okwanele kwabasebenzi bazo. Isibonelo, abanye abasebenzi abajwayelene nokusebenza kohlelo olusha, okuholela ekufakweni kwedatha okulibazisekile noma okungalungile. Ngokwezibalo, izinkinga zokuvuselelwa kolwazi ezibangelwa ukusebenza okungafanele kwabasebenzi zingu-20%.
Ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nenzuzo: Ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kudinga imali eningi ukuze kutshalwe imali ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe nasekugcinweni kwesistimu, kodwa izinkampani zivame ukubhekana nenkinga yokulinganisa izindleko nezinzuzo. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani ezincane zezokuthutha zingase zingakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko eziphezulu zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, okuthinta inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kokuphathwa kolwazi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinkampani zezokuthutha zitshala u-5%-8% wemali engenayo yazo iyonke ezinhlelweni zokuphathwa kolwazi minyaka yonke.
Ngamafuphi, ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kubhekene nezinselele eziningi, okuhlanganisa ingqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe enganele, izinkinga zokunemba kwedatha, ubunzima ekuhlanganisweni kwesistimu, izingozi zokuphepha kwenethiwekhi, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi okunganele, kanye nebhalansi yezindleko nezinzuzo. Izinkampani ze-ejensi yezokuthutha zidinga ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunemba kokuphathwa kolwazi ngezinyathelo ezifana nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, kanye nokwenza ngcono uhlelo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezokuthutha zesimanje.

5. Izinselele zokulawula izindleko

5.1 Ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokusebenza
Engxenyeni yezokuthutha yenqubo ye-ejensi, ukulawulwa kwezindleko kungenye yezinselelo ezibalulekile ezibhekene namabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokusebenza, okulethe ingcindezi enkulu ezinkampanini zezokuthutha.
Ukwanda kwezindleko zokuhamba: Izindleko zokuhamba zingenye yezindleko eziyinhloko zokusebenza kwe-logistics futhi zibonise ukuthambekela okuqhubekayo okukhuphukayo eminyakeni yamuva. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuguquguquka kwentengo kawoyela kunomthelela oqondile ezindleleni zokuhamba. Ngokwezibalo, izindleko zikaphethiloli zibiza cishe u-30% wezindleko zokuhamba zizonke, kanti ukwanda kwentengo kawoyela kuholela ngqo ekwandeni kwezindleko zokuhamba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanda kwezindleko zabasebenzi nakho kuye kwandisa umthwalo wezindleko zokuhamba. Ngezinguquko emakethe yezabasebenzi, amazinga omholo wezikhundla ezifana nabashayeli bezokuthutha aqhubekile nokukhula, okwandisa izindleko zokuhamba.
Izindleko zokwenyuka kwezindawo zokugcina impahla: Izindleko zokugcina impahla nazo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemisebenzi yezokuthutha, futhi ukuthambekela kwazo okuphakeme akunakunganakwa. Okokuqala, ukushoda kwezinsiza zomhlaba kuholele ekukhuphukeni kwentela yezindawo zokugcina impahla. Kwezinye izifunda ezithuthukile kwezomnotho, intela yokugcina impahla ikhuphuke ngesilinganiso esingu-10%-15% ngonyaka. Okwesibili, izindleko zokuvuselela nokugcina imishini yokugcina impahla nazo ziyanda. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwesitoreji nokuphepha, izinkampani zezokuthutha zidinga ukutshala imali njalo ekuthuthukisweni nasekugcinweni kwemishini, okwandisa kakhulu izindleko zokugcina impahla.
Izindleko zokuthobela imithetho ziyanda: Njengoba ukuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe kuqhubeka nokuba nzima kanye nokuvuselelwa okuqhubekayo kwemithetho nemigomo emazweni ahlukahlukene, izindleko zokuthobela imithetho zezinkampani zezokuthutha nazo ziyanda. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomthetho zamazwe ahlukene, izinkampani zezokuthutha zidinga ukutshala isikhathi esiningi kanye nezinsizakusebenza ekuphathweni kokuthobela imithetho. Lokhu akubandakanyi nje ukuqeqesha ochwepheshe, ukuthenga isofthiwe yokuthobela imithetho, kodwa futhi nokusungula uhlelo lwangaphakathi lokuthobela imithetho. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi isilinganiso sezindleko zokuthobela imithetho ezindleleni zokusebenza eziphelele zama-ejenti ezokuthutha sikhuphuke sisuka ku-5% esikhathini esidlule saya ku-10%-15%, okubeka inselele enzuzweni yamabhizinisi.
Ingcindezi ekutshalweni kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe: Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuncintisana, izinkampani zezokuthutha zidinga ukutshala imali njalo ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ukwethulwa kwezinhlelo zokuphatha izimpahla ezisezingeni eliphezulu, izinhlelo zokuphatha ezokuthutha, kanye nezinhlelo zokulandelela ulwazi kudinga ukwesekwa okukhulu kwezezimali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kudinga futhi amabhizinisi ukuthi abuyekeze futhi alondoloze ubuchwepheshe njalo ukuze alondoloze intuthuko kanye nokuthembeka kobuchwepheshe. Ngokwezibalo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwaminyaka yonke kwezinkampani zezokuthutha ekuthuthukiseni nasekulungiseni ubuchwepheshe kubalwa u-5%-10% wemali engenayo yazo iyonke.
Ingcindezi yentengo ebangelwa ukuncintisana kwemakethe: Emncintiswaneni wemakethe onzima, izinkampani zezokuthutha zivame ukudinga ukwehlisa amanani ezinsizakalo ukuze zincintisane ngesabelo semakethe, okucindezela kakhulu inzuzo yamabhizinisi. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokusebenza kubeke izinkampani ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu emncintiswaneni wentengo. Indlela yokugcina ikhwalithi yesevisi ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko sekuyinkinga ephuthumayo ezinkampanini zezokuthutha.
Ngamafuphi, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokusebenza kulethe izinselele ezinkulu zokulawula izindleko ezinkampanini ze-ejensi yezokuthutha. Amabhizinisi adinga ukubhekana nale nselele ngokwenza ngcono izinqubo zokusebenza, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokuqinisa ukuphathwa kwezindleko ukuze kufezwe intuthuko esimeme.

6. Izinselele zamathalente nokuqeqeshwa

6.1 Ukuntuleka kwamakhono ochwepheshe
Ubunzima bezinqubo ze-ejensi yezokuthutha bubeka izidingo eziphezulu kumakhono ochwepheshe, kodwa imboni okwamanje ibhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu zokuntuleka kwamakhono ochwepheshe.
Ukukhula kwesidingo kanye nokunikezwa okunganele: Njengoba imboni yezokuthutha ikhula ngokushesha, isidingo samakhono ochwepheshe siyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ngokwezibalo ezivela ku-International Council of Logistics and Transport (CILT), izinga lokukhula kwaminyaka yonke lesidingo samakhono ochwepheshe embonini yezokuthutha yomhlaba wonke lifinyelela ku-10%-15%, kodwa ukunikezwa kwangempela akukahlangabezani nalesi sidingo. Ikakhulukazi kweminye imikhakha esanda kuvela, njengezokuthutha ezibandayo kanye nezokuthutha eziwela imingcele, igebe lamakhono ochwepheshe lisobala kakhulu.
Ukukhanga okwanele embonini: Ukuqina komsebenzi embonini yezokuthutha kuphezulu kakhulu, indawo yokusebenza inzima kakhulu, futhi umholo nezinzuzo azingcono kakhulu kunalezo ezisembonini yezezimali, i-inthanethi nezinye, okwenza imboni yezokuthutha ingakhangi kangako abantu abanamakhono avelele. Isibonelo, kwamanye amadolobha amakhulu, ubunzima bokuqasha izikhundla zokuthutha buphindwe ka-1.5-2 kunobeminye imboni.
Izidingo zamakhono aphezulu ochwepheshe: Inqubo ye-ejensi yezokuthutha ihilela izixhumanisi eziningi ezifana nezokuthutha, indawo yokugcina impahla, isimemezelo samasiko, kanye nokuphathwa kolwazi, futhi isixhumanisi ngasinye sidinga amakhono nolwazi lobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, abasebenzi besimemezelo samasiko kudingeka bajwayelane nemithethonqubo yamasiko kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuhweba zamazwe ahlukahlukene, kanti abasebenzi bezokuphatha indawo yokugcina impahla kudingeka babe nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe bezindawo zokugcina impahla kanye namakhono okusebenza kwemishini. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kakhulu abanamakhono aphelele emakethe.
Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamakhono: Ngenxa yokuncintisana okukhulu embonini yezokuthutha, ukuhamba kwamakhono kukhulu kakhulu. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwemboni, isilinganiso sokulahlekelwa kwamakhono embonini yezokuthutha singaba ngu-15%-20%. Ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu zokuthutha zidinga ukutshala imali eningi ekuqasheni nasekuqeqesheni amakhono minyaka yonke, kodwa azikwazi ukuxazulula ngempumelelo inkinga yokuntuleka kwamakhono.
Uhlelo lokuqeqesha olungaphelele: Uhlelo lokuqeqesha ithalente embonini yezokuthutha lusemuva kakhulu futhi alukwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko esheshayo yemboni. Izinkampani eziningi zokuthutha azitshali imali eyanele ekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi, futhi okuqukethwe koqeqesho kukodwa, akunazo izidingo ezifanele kanye nokuhleleka. Isibonelo, ezinye izinkampani ezincane zokuthutha zitshala kuphela u-1%-2% wemali engenayo yazo iyonke ekuqeqeshweni kwabasebenzi minyaka yonke, okungaphansi kakhulu kwesilinganiso semboni.
Ngamafuphi, ukushoda kwamakhono ochwepheshe sekungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezivimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ze-ejensi yezokuthutha. Izinkampani zokuthutha zidinga ukuxazulula inkinga yokushoda kwamakhono ochwepheshe ngokuthuthukisa ukukhanga kwemboni, ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokuqeqesha amakhono, nokuqinisa izisusa zamakhono ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kwenkampani.

7. Isifinyezo
Inqubo ye-ejensi yezokuthutha ibhekene nezinselelo eziningi ekusebenzeni kwangempela, ezidlula ekuxhumaneni okuhlukahlukene okufana nokuhamba, ukugcina impahla, ukumenyezelwa kwamasiko, ukuphathwa kolwazi, ukulawula izindleko, kanye nethalente nokuqeqeshwa. Ngokombono wezokuthutha, ukukhetha indlela efanele yokuhamba kudinga ukucatshangelwa okubanzi kwezinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa izici zezimpahla, ibhalansi phakathi kwezindleko nokusebenza kahle, ukuhlela umzila wezokuthutha, izici zemvelo, kanye nemithethonqubo nezinqubomgomo zokuya khona. Ukunganaki kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana kungaholela ekwandeni kwezindleko zokuhamba, ukwehla kokusebenza kahle, ngisho nomonakalo wezimpahla. Ngokuphathelene nokuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla, ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwendawo yokugcina impahla kuthinteka yizici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukuhlukahluka kwezidingo zokugcina impahla, umehluko ekushintsheni kwempahla, imikhawulo yezindawo zokugcina impahla, izidingo zokuphepha nokuhambisana nomthetho, kanye nobunzima bokuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla okuguquguqukayo. Indlela yokufeza ukuphathwa kwezindawo zokugcina impahla okusebenzayo, okuphephile, nokuhambisana nomthetho endaweni elinganiselwe kuyinkinga ephuthumayo kuma-ejensi ezokuthutha. Izixhumanisi zokumenyezelwa kwamasiko nokuhambisana nomthetho ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ziyashintshashintsha. Umehluko emithethweni emazweni ahlukene, ukuvuselelwa njalo kwemithethonqubo, umehluko emithethweni yemvelaphi, izithiyo zolimi namasiko, kanye nokwanda kwezindleko zokuthobela umthetho kulethe izingozi ezinkulu nezinselele ekusebenzeni kokumenyezelwa kwamasiko kwama-ejensi ezokuthutha. Uma ungaqaphile, ungase ubhekane nemiphumela emibi njengokubanjwa kwezimpahla, izinhlawulo, noma ngisho nokuvinjelwa kokungeniswa kwempahla. Ngokuphathelene nokuphathwa kolwazi, ukuvuselelwa kolwazi lwezokuthutha ngesikhathi sangempela kubhekene nezinselele eziningi, njengokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda yobuchwepheshe, izinkinga zokunemba kwedatha, ubunzima ekuhlanganisweni kwesistimu, izingozi zokuphepha kwenethiwekhi, ukuqeqeshwa okunganele kwabasebenzi, kanye nebhalansi yezindleko nezinzuzo. Lezi zinkinga zithinta kakhulu amakhono okuqapha nokuphatha ngesikhathi sangempela ezinhlangano zezokuthutha impahla kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla, futhi zinciphisa ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende. Ngokuphathelene nokulawulwa kwezindleko, ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwezindleko zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa izindleko zokuhamba, izindleko zokugcina impahla, izindleko zokuthobela imithetho, kanye nengcindezi yokutshalwa kwezimali kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nengcindezi yamanani ebangelwa ukuncintisana kwemakethe, kubeke izinhlangano zezokuthutha ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu ekulawulweni kwezindleko. Indlela yokugcina ikhwalithi yesevisi ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko sekuyinkinga ephuthumayo emabhizinisini. Ngokuphathelene nethalente nokuqeqeshwa, ukushoda kwamakhono ochwepheshe kuvelele kakhulu. Izinkinga ezifana nokukhula kwesidingo kanye nokunikezwa okunganele, ukukhanga okwanele embonini, izidingo zamakhono aphezulu ochwepheshe, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamakhono, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezingaphelele kuye kwavimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zezinhlangano zezokuthutha futhi kwathinta ukuncintisana okuyinhloko kanye namakhono okuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwamabhizinisi.
Ngamafuphi, isixhumanisi ngasinye senqubo ye-ejensi yezokuthutha sibhekene nezinselele ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Lezi zinselele ziyahlangana futhi ziyathintana, ziletha izivivinyo ezinzima ekusebenzeni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinkampani ze-ejensi yezokuthutha. Izinkampani zezokuthutha zidinga ukuhlaziya ngokuphelele nokutadisha ngokujulile lezi zinselele, futhi zithuthukise njalo ukuncintisana kwazo kanye namazinga esevisi ngemizamo yokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwenza ngcono ukuphathwa, ukuqeqeshwa kwamakhono, nezinye izici zokubhekana nesimo semakethe esiyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kanye nezidingo zamakhasimende.