Ese gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba bidashobora guhumeka?

Ese gupakira ibicuruzwa bigomba kuba bidashobora guhumeka?

1. Ni ngombwa ko habaho uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu bikingira ubushuhe

1.1 Ibiranga imiterere y'ubwikorezi
Imiterere y’ubwikorezi ifite imiterere yihariye, ituma ibicuruzwa bihura n’ubushuhe bwinshi mu gihe cyo kubitwara, bigatera kwangirika.
Ubushuhe bwinshi: Ubushuhe bw'ikirere mu nyanja buri hejuru cyane, aho ubushuhe bungana na 70%, cyane cyane mu mazi ashyuha n'ashyuha, aho ubushuhe buba buri hafi kuzura. Ubu bushuhe bwinshi buzatuma ibicuruzwa byinjiramo ubushuhe bwinshi, bigatuma ibikoresho byo gupakiramo bitose kandi bigahinduka nk'ibihumyo, ibi bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa.
Itandukaniro rinini ry'ubushyuhe: Mu gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa bizagira itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe hagati y'amanywa na nijoro ndetse n'impinduka z'ubushyuhe mu turere dutandukanye tw'inyanja. Iyo ubushyuhe buri mu gikoresho bugabanutse, umwuka w'amazi uri mu kirere uzahinduka ibitonyanga by'amazi maze ugafata ku bicuruzwa n'ibipfunyika, bityo bikazamura ibyago byo kubura amazi mu bicuruzwa.
Isuri ry’umunyu: Amazi yo mu nyanja aba arimo umunyu mwinshi, kandi umunyu winjira mu gikoresho hamwe n’umuyaga wo mu nyanja ugafata ku buso bw’ibicuruzwa. Umunyu ni mwiza kandi urushaho kwinjiza ubushuhe mu kirere, bigatuma ibicuruzwa bitose, kandi ukanangiza ipaki y’ibyuma n’ibicuruzwa.
Ibiranga imizigo: Imitwaro myinshi iba ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, nk'impapuro, imyenda, uruhu, nibindi. Iyi mizigo ishobora kwinjiza ubushuhe ahantu hari ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigatera imyuka no kwangirika. Urugero, impapuro zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ubushuhe bwazo bushobora kwiyongeraho ibirenze 5% mu masaha 24 ahantu hari ubushuhe bwa 70%.
Ibi biranga imiterere y’ubwikorezi bw’ibicuruzwa bigaragaza ko ibipfunyika bigomba kuba bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe kugira ngo bigenzure umutekano n’ubwiza bw’imizigo mu gihe cyo kuyitwara.

2. Ingamba zo kwirinda ubushuhe mu gupakira ibicuruzwa

2.1 Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika
Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bikwiye ni ingenzi mu kwirinda ubushuhe mu kohereza. Ibikoresho bitandukanye byo gupfunyika bifite imiterere itandukanye yo kwirinda ubushuhe. Ibi bikurikira ni ibikoresho byinshi bisanzwe byo gupfunyika bidashobora ubushuhe n'imiterere yabyo:
Filimi ya pulasitiki: Filimi ya pulasitiki ifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda amazi no kwirinda ubushuhe, kandi ishobora gukumira ubushuhe bwo hanze. Urugero, ubushuhe bwo kwinjira mu filimi ya poliyetinamu ni buke cyane, aho ubushuhe bugera kuri garama 0.05 kuri metero kare ku munsi, ibyo bikaba bishobora kurinda imizigo ubushuhe.
Ibikoresho bivanze bya aluminiyumu: Ibikoresho bivanze bya aluminiyumu ni urusobe rw'ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu n'ibindi bikoresho, bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwirinda ubushuhe no kubangamira ibidukikije. Ingaruka zabyo zo kwirinda ubushuhe zikubye inshuro nyinshi ugereranyije n'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya pulasitiki, kandi birakwiriye gupakira ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe.
Ikarito idahura n'ubushuhe: Ikarito idahura n'ubushuhe ivurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwirinda ubushuhe hashingiwe ku ikarito isanzwe, ibyo bikaba byakwirinda ubushuhe kwinjiramo. Ubushuhe bwayo buri munsi ya 50% ugereranyije n'ikarito isanzwe, kandi ikwiriye gupakirwamo ibintu byoroshye kandi bihanamye.
Gupfunyika mu giti: Nubwo gupfunyika mu giti ubwabyo bifite ubushobozi bwo kubyibuha, nyuma yo gupfunyika mu buryo budashobora gushyuha, nko gusiga irangi ridashobora gushyuha cyangwa gukoresha agapira kadashyuha, ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kudashyuha bushobora kunozwa cyane. Uburyo bwo kwinjiza amazi mu gupfunyika mu giti byavuguruwe bushobora kugabanukaho 70% mu kirere gifite ubushuhe bwa 80%.

2.2 Ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ridashobora guhumeka
Uretse guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika bikwiye, ni ngombwa kandi gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gupfunyika ririnda ubushuhe. Izi zikurikira ni zimwe mu ikoranabuhanga risanzwe ryo gupfunyika ririnda ubushuhe:
Gupakira mu cyuma gifunze: Gupakira mu cyuma gifunze bikumira ubushuhe n'ingufu mu bicuruzwa binyuze mu gukura umwuka mu gipfunyika no kugabanya umwuka wa ogisijeni n'ubushuhe. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gupakira mu cyuma gifunze bishobora kongera igihe cyo kumara ibicuruzwa inshuro 3-5.
Gupakira ibintu bishyushye: Gupakira ibintu bishyushye ni ukuzuza ipaki n'umwuka utagira umwuka (nk'azote) kugira ngo bisimbuze umwuka uri mu ipaki kandi bigabanye umwuka wa ogisijeni n'ubushuhe. Ubu buryo bwo gupakira bushobora kubuza ibicuruzwa guhumeka no kubyangiza, kandi bukwiriye ibicuruzwa bifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe nk'ibiribwa n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Gukoresha umuti wo koza: Gushyira umuti wo koza mu gipfunyika ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kwirinda ubushuhe. Umuti wo koza ushobora kwinjiza ubushuhe mu gipfunyika no kubungabunga ibidukikije byumye mu gipfunyika. Urugero, igipimo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe mu muti wo koza mu gipfunyika cya silica gel gishobora kugera ku kigero kirenga 30%, naho igipimo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe mu muti wo koza mu gipfunyika cya calcium chloride gishobora kugera ku kigero cya 100%.
Gusiga irangi ririnda ubushuhe: Gushyira irangi ririnda ubushuhe ku buso bw'ibicuruzwa cyangwa ku buso bw'ibikoresho bipfunyika bishobora gukora agapira gakingira kugira ngo kabuze kwinjira mu bushuhe. Ubunini bw'irangi ririnda ubushuhe muri rusange ni mm 0.1-0.5, kandi ingaruka zaryo zishobora kumara amezi menshi.
Gupfunyika bifunze: Gupfunyika bifunze bishobora gukumira ubushuhe bwo hanze kwinjira imbere mu gipfunyika. Uko gupfunyika bifunze neza, ni ko ingaruka zo kwirinda ubushuhe zigira akamaro. Urugero, ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe bw'igipfunyika gifunze hakoreshejwe tekiniki yo gupfunyika cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika ubushyuhe buri hejuru ya 80% ugereranyije n'ubwo gupfunyika bisanzwe.

3. Ibisabwa mu gupfunyika ibintu bitandukanye bidahura n'ubushuhe

3.1 Ibicuruzwa bishobora guhumeka
Ibicuruzwa bishobora guhumeka bifite ibisabwa bikomeye mu gupakira bidahura n'ubushuhe mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu mu mazi. Ibi bikurikira ni ibisabwa mu gupakira bidahura n'ubushuhe n'ingero z'ibicuruzwa byinshi bisanzwe bishobora guhumeka:
Impapuro n'ibicuruzwa: Impapuro zifite ubushobozi bwo gufunga neza. Mu gace gafite ubushuhe bwa 70%, amazi yazo ashobora kwiyongeraho arenga 5% mu masaha 24. Kubwibyo, gupfunyika kw'impapuro n'ibicuruzwa bigomba gukoresha ingamba zo kwirinda ubushuhe bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, ikarito idashonga ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ipaki yo hanze, kandi ubushuhe bwayo buri munsi ya 50% ugereranyije n'ikarito isanzwe; icya kabiri, desiccant ya silica gel ishyirwa mu ipaki, kandi igipimo cyayo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe gishobora kugera kuri 30% kugira ngo inyure ubushuhe bwinshi mu ipaki; amaherezo, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika rifunze na kaseti yo gufunga bishobora kongera imikorere yo kwirinda ubushuhe ku kigero kirenga 80% ugereranije n'ipaki isanzwe. Urugero, ikigo cy'icapiro cyakoresheje ingamba zo gupfunyika zitagira ubushuhe zavuzwe haruguru mu gihe cyo kohereza impapuro mu nyanja. Impapuro ntizatose cyangwa ngo zigire ibara mu gihe cyo kuzitwara, kandi igihe cyo kuzibika cyongereweho amezi 2.
Imyenda: Imyenda ifata amazi byoroshye mu kirere gifite ubushuhe bwinshi, bigatuma ibara rihinduka, kandi imbaraga zayo zigabanuka. Mu gupfunyika imyenda, pulasitiki ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gupfunyikamo. Ubushuhe bw'imyenda ya polyethylene ni buke cyane, aho ubushuhe bugera kuri garama 0.05 kuri metero kare ku munsi, bishobora kubuza ubushuhe kwinjira mu mazi; icyarimwe, ingano ikwiye ya calcium chloride desiccant ishyirwa mu gipfunyika, kandi ubushuhe bwayo bushobora kugera ku kigero cya 100% kugira ngo ibidukikije byumye mu gipfunyika bigume; byongeye kandi, ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika mu cyuma gikoreshwa mu gukura umwuka mu gipfunyika no kugabanya ubushuhe, bishobora kongera igihe cyo kumara imyenda ku giciro cyayo inshuro 3-5. Nyuma y'uko ikigo runaka cyohereza imyenda mu mahanga gikoresheje izi ngamba zo gupfunyikamo ubushuhe, igipimo cy'ubushuhe bw'imyenda mu gihe cyo gutwara mu mazi cyagabanutseho 90%.
Ibikoresho by'uruhu: Ibikoresho by'uruhu biroroshye kwinjiza ubushuhe mu kirere gishyushye, bigatera kwangirika, ibara no kwangirika. Gupfunyika ibikoresho by'uruhu bigomba guhitamo ibikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwirinda ubushuhe, nk'ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu, bifite ingaruka zo kwirinda ubushuhe inshuro nyinshi kurusha udupira dusanzwe twa pulasitiki; shyira ingano ikwiye ya silica gel desiccant mu gipfunyika kugira ngo inyure ubushuhe mu gipfunyika; icyarimwe, koresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika rifunze kugira ngo urebe ko ipfunyika ifunze neza. Nyuma y'uko ikigo runaka gitanga ibikoresho by'uruhu gikoresheje izi ngamba zo gupfunyika, igipimo cy'ibyangiritse by'ibicuruzwa by'uruhu mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu mu mazi cyagabanutseho 85%.

3.2 Ibicuruzwa by'agaciro
Agaciro k'ibicuruzwa by'agaciro kari hejuru, kandi ibisabwa mu gupfunyika bidashobora gushonga birakomeye cyane. Ibi bikurikira ni ibisabwa mu gupfunyika bidashobora gushonga n'ingero z'ibicuruzwa byinshi by'agaciro bisanzwe:
Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki: Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bifite ibisabwa byinshi cyane mu kurinda ubushuhe. Ahantu hatose hashobora guteza ibibazo nko kwangirika kw'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi no kwangirika kw'ibice byayo. Gupfunyika kw'ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigomba gukoresha ingamba zo kwirinda ubushuhe bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, ikarito idatose ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ipaki yo hanze, kandi ubushuhe bwayo buri munsi ya 50% ugereranyije n'ikarito isanzwe; icya kabiri, shyira ingano ikwiye ya silica gel desiccant mu ipaki, kandi igipimo cyayo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe gishobora kugera kuri 30% kugira ngo ikwire ubushuhe bwinshi mu ipaki; amaherezo, koresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika kugira ngo wuzuze ipaki imyuka idakora (nka azote) kugira ngo usimbuze umwuka uri mu ipaki, ugabanye ingano ya ogisijeni n'ubushuhe, kandi wirinde neza ko ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bitose kandi bihinduke ogisijeni. Urugero, igihe isosiyete y'ikoranabuhanga yoherezaga ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki mu nyanja, yakoresheje ingamba zo gupfunyika zirinda ubushuhe zavuzwe haruguru. Ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki ntibyangiritse mu gihe cyo kubitwara, kandi igipimo cyangiritse cyagabanutseho 95%.
Ibikoresho by'ubuhanga: Ibikoresho by'ubuhanga bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru kandi bisabwa cyane mu kwirinda ubushuhe. Ahantu hatose hashobora guteza ibibazo nko kugabanuka k'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho no kwangirika kw'ibice. Gupfunyika ibikoresho by'ubuhanga bigomba gukorwa mu bikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe, nk'ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu, bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe inshuro nyinshi kuruta ibya filime zisanzwe za pulasitiki; gushyira ingano ikwiye ya calcium chloride desiccant mu ipfunyika, aho ubushuhe bushobora kugera ku kigero cya 100%, kugira ngo ibidukikije byumye mu ipfunyika bigume byumye; muri icyo gihe, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika rifunze n'ikaseti yo gufunga bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe ku kigero kirenga 80% ugereranije n'ibipfunyika bisanzwe. Ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya siyansi cyakoresheje izi ngamba zo gupfunyika zirinda ubushuhe mu gihe cyo kohereza ibikoresho by'ubuhanga mu nyanja. Ibikoresho ntibyagize ikibazo cyo kwangirika k'ubushuhe mu gihe cyo gutwara, kandi ubuziranenge bwakomeje kuba bwiza.
Ibihangano: Ibihangano bifite agaciro gakomeye kandi bifite ibisabwa bikomeye kugira ngo bitagwamo ubushuhe. Ahantu hatose hashobora guteza ibibazo nko gushonga, guhinduka ibara, no kwangirika kw'ibihangano. Gupfunyika ibihangano bigomba gukorwa mu bikoresho bifite ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe, nk'ikarito idatwarwa n'ubushuhe, ifite ubushobozi bwo gufata ubushuhe buri munsi ya 50% ugereranyije n'ikarito isanzwe; gushyira ingano ikwiye ya silica gel desiccant mu ipaki, aho ubushuhe bwayo bushobora kugera ku kigero kirenga 30% kugira ngo ifate ubushuhe mu ipaki; muri icyo gihe, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupfunyika mu buryo bworoshye kugira ngo ikure umwuka mu ipaki no kugabanya ubushuhe bishobora kongera igihe cyo kumara ibihangano inshuro 3-5. Iyo ikigo cy'ubuhanzi cyatwaraga ibihangano mu nyanja, izi ngamba zo gupfunyika zidashobora guhumeka zafashwe. Ibihangano ntibyagize ikibazo cyo kwangirika mu gihe cyo kubitwara kandi byari bibitswe neza.

4. Incamake
Ingamba zo kwirinda ubushuhe mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bibe bifite umutekano n'ubwiza mu gihe cyo kubitwara. Ubushuhe bwinshi, itandukaniro rinini ry'ubushyuhe, isuri iterwa n'umunyu ndetse n'ubushyuhe bw'ibicuruzwa mu mazi byatumye ibicuruzwa bigerwaho n'ubushuhe mu gihe cyo kubitwara mu mazi, ibyo bikaba byarateje ibibazo byinshi nko kwangirika, ubwivumbure no kwangirika. Kubwibyo, gufata ingamba zihamye zo kwirinda ubushuhe ni igice cyingenzi mu gutwara ibicuruzwa mu mazi.
Mu bijyanye no guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, ibikoresho nka pulasitiki, ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu, ikarito idahura n'ubushuhe n'ibiti byatunganyijwe bishobora gukumira ubushuhe bwo hanze no kugabanya ibyago byo kwangirika k'ubushuhe ku bicuruzwa bitewe n'imiterere yabyo myiza idahura n'ubushuhe. Urugero, ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu bushuhe bwa poliyetinamu ni buke cyane, aho ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu bushuhe ari garama 0.05 gusa kuri metero kare ku munsi; ingaruka zo kwinjira mu bushuhe bw'ibikoresho bya aluminiyumu zihura n'ubushuhe inshuro nyinshi kuruta iz'ikarito isanzwe; ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu bushuhe bw'ikarito idahura n'ubushuhe buri munsi ya 50% ugereranyije n'ikarito isanzwe; kandi ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu bushuhe bw'ikarito idahura n'ubushuhe bushobora kugabanukaho 70% mu kirere gifite ubushuhe bwa 80%. Gukoresha ibi bikoresho mu buryo burambuye bitanga uburyo butandukanye bwo gupfunyika buhura n'ubushuhe ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye.
Gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira ridashobora gushonga ni ngombwa cyane. Gupakira mu byuma bishobora kongera igihe cyo kuruhuka cy'ibicuruzwa inshuro 3-5 binyuze mu kugabanya umwuka n'ubushuhe mu gipfunyika; gupakira mu byuma bishobora gukumira ubushuhe n'ubushyuhe mu bicuruzwa binyuze mu kuzuza umwuka utari mwiza kugira ngo bigabanye ogisijeni n'ubushuhe; gukoresha desiccant bishobora kwinjiza ubushuhe mu gipfunyika no kubungabunga ibidukikije byumye. Igipimo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe cya silica gel desiccant gishobora kugera ku kigero kirenga 30%, naho igipimo cyo kwinjiza ubushuhe cya calcium chloride desiccant gishobora kugera ku kigero cya 100%; irangi ridashobora gushonga ribuza neza kwinjira mu bushuhe binyuze mu gukora agapira karinda; ikoranabuhanga ryo gupakira rifunze rituma ibintu bidashobora gushonga birushaho kunoza imikorere yo gufunga. Gukoresha ubu buryo hamwe birushaho kongera ubushobozi bwo kwirinda ubushuhe mu gupakira mu mazi.
Ibisabwa mu gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe nabyo biratandukanye ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye. Ibicuruzwa bishobora kwibasirwa n'ubushuhe, nk'impapuro, imyenda n'ibicuruzwa by'uruhu, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa by'agaciro nk'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'ubuhanzi n'ubukorikori, byose bigomba gufata ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe hakurikijwe imiterere yabyo. Urugero, nyuma y'uko impapuro n'ibicuruzwa bikoresha ingamba zo kwirinda ubushuhe bwinshi, igihe cyo kuzipakira cyongerwaho amezi 2; nyuma y'uko imyenda ikoresheje ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe, igipimo cyo kwangirika kw'ubushuhe kiragabanukaho 90%; nyuma y'uko ibikoresho by'uruhu bikoresha ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe, igipimo cyo kwangirika kiragabanukaho 85%; nyuma y'uko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe, igipimo cyo kwangirika kiragabanukaho 95%; nyuma y'uko ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoresha ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe, ubushuhe bukomeza kuba bwiza; nyuma y'uko ibihangano bikoresha ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe, birabikwa neza. Izi ngero zigaragaza neza akamaro n'uburemere bw'ingamba zo gupakira ibintu bidahura n'ubushuhe.
Muri make, gupakira ibintu mu mazi bigomba kuba bidashobora gushonga, kandi ingamba zirambuye zidashobora gushonga, harimo guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupakira, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rihamye ryo gupakira ibintu bidashonga, no gukora uburyo bwo kuvura budashobora gushonga hakurikijwe imiterere y'ibicuruzwa. Gushyira mu bikorwa izi ngamba bishobora kugabanya cyane ibyago byo kwangirika k'ubushuhe ku bicuruzwa mu gihe cyo gutwara ibintu mu mazi, kwemeza umutekano n'ubwiza bw'ibicuruzwa, kugabanya igihombo mu bukungu, no kubungabunga izina n'isura y'isoko ry'ikigo.