Abashinzwe kugura muri Yiwu: Kuki ari bo bafatanyabikorwa bakundwa n'abacuruzi bo ku isi mu bucuruzi bunini?

Gicurasi Umukozi ushinzwe kuguras: Kuki ari bo bafatanyabikorwa bakundwa n'abacuruzi bo ku isi bose?

Iyo umucuruzi wo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati ashaka kugura ibikoresho byo mu rugo ku bwinshi ariko akagira ikibazo cy’inzitizi z’ururimi no kutamenyera uburyo bwo gushakisha ibicuruzwa; iyo abaguzi b’i Burayi bashaka kugabanya ikiguzi cy’uruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa ariko batazi uburyo bwo guhuza n’inganda zo muri Yiwu—Abashinzwe kugura muri Yiwu zirimo kuba "ikiraro cy'ingenzi" cyo gukemura ibi bibazo. Nk'ikigo kinini cyane ku isi gikwirakwiza ibicuruzwa bito, Yiwu ikurura abaguzi mpuzamahanga barenga miliyoni buri mwaka, ariko abacuruzi benshi bahitamo kwegurira ubucuruzi bwabo abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa bo mu gace batuyemo. Inyuma y'iki cyifuzo hari agaciro kadasimburwa k'abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa ba Yiwu, n'ubwenge bwimbitse inyuma y'uko bahuza neza ibyo bakeneye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

I. "Ibyiza by'Isoko rya Yiwu": "Isoko ry'Icyizere" ku bashinzwe kugura

Kugira ngo umuntu asobanukirwe ukuntu abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa bakundwa, agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa ubwoko bwihariye bwa Yiwu nk'"iduka rinini ku isi"—iyi ni yo shingiro serivisi z'ibigo zishobora gushingiraho, kandi ni yo shingiro ikurura abacuruzi bo ku isi. Yiwu ifite ubwoko burenga miliyoni 2 bw'ibicuruzwa bito, bigizwe n'ibyiciro 28 by'ingenzi birimo ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikinisho, imitako, ibikoresho byo mu nzu, n'ibicuruzwa byo hanze. Kuva ku bicuruzwa biciriritse kandi bihendutse kugeza ku bicuruzwa byihariye, ishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'abakiriya bagurishije ibicuruzwa baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye no ku rwego rutandukanye. Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, yashyizeho uburyo bubiri bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa "gutanga ibicuruzwa mu buryo butaziguye mu nganda + gukwirakwiza abacuruzi": inganda zisaga 100.000 zishyigikira zishyizwe mu ntera ya kilometero 300, bigatuma ibicuruzwa byinshi bikorwa kandi byoherezwa mu minsi 3 nyuma yo gutumiza; mu gihe abacuruzi barenga 70.000 bo mu Mujyi Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi bakora nk'"imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa," bihuza vuba ibyiciro byinshi by'ibicuruzwa, bikuraho ko abaguzi bagomba kuvugana n'inganda ukwazo. Ariko, ku bacuruzi mpuzamahanga, isoko rinini nk'iryo rishobora kuba umutwaro: imbogamizi z'indimi zigabanya cyane imikorere myiza y'itumanaho (ba nyiri inganda benshi bavuga Icyongereza cy'ibanze gusa, kandi bamwe mu bacuruzi bato nta bumenyi na buke bafite mu ndimi z'amahanga); isoko riherereye mu turere dutandukanye (Umujyi Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi ugabanyijemo uturere 5, dufite ubuso burenga metero kare 5), bisaba igihe kinini cyo gushakisha abatanga ibicuruzwa bonyine; kandi biragoye kurushaho gusobanukirwa "igiciro cyo hasi cy'uruganda" - abacuruzi bo mu gace bakunze kongeramo 10%-20% ku giciro cyahoze ari uruganda, bigatuma bigorana abaguzi b'abanyamahanga badafite amikoro yo mu gace kubona ibiciro nyabyo.

Kuri iyi ngingo, abashinzwe kugura ba Yiwu, bazi neza isoko, baba "abahindura ibintu." Ntibashobora gusa kubona neza inganda cyangwa abacuruzi bahuye n'ibyo bakeneye, ahubwo banakoresha imiyoboro yabo yo mu gace imaze igihe kinini ikora kugira ngo babone ibiciro bihanitse cyane, bigatuma abaguzi mpuzamahanga bagera ku isoko ry'ibicuruzwa badakeneye "gushakisha urushinge mu cyatsi."

II. Kugenzura Ibiciro: "Ibanga ryo Kuzigama Amafaranga" ku Bacuruzi Mpuzamahanga

Ku bakiriya mpuzamahanga bagurisha ibintu byinshi, "kugabanya ikiguzi no kunoza imikorere myiza" ni ikintu cy'ingenzi gikenewe, kandi abashinzwe kugura muri Yiwu batanga agaciro kadasimburwa muri uru rwego. 1. Gabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura: Simbuka abahuza hanyuma ubone ibiciro by'uruganda. Abaguzi benshi mpuzamahanga basura Yiwu ku nshuro ya mbere bashobora kuvugana n'abacuruzi bo mu Mujyi Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi (ni ukuvuga "abatanga ibikoresho by'inyongera"), aho kuvugana n'inganda zikora ibintu. Kugira ngo bizere inyungu, abacuruzi bakunze kongeramo 15%-30% ku giciro cy'uruganda. Ariko, Yiwu Umukozi ushinzwe amasokos, imaze imyaka myinshi ishinze imizi ku isoko ryo mu gace, ifite ubushobozi bwo kugera ku nganda ibihumbi n'ibihumbi zifatanya, zikora uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa kuva ku bikoresho fatizo kugeza ku bicuruzwa byarangiye. Bashobora guhuza abaguzi n'inganda cyangwa gushyikirana ku biciro mu izina ry'abakiriya, bakuraho abahuza n'abandi n'inyungu zabo. Urugero, umucuruzi w'ubucuruzi wa Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba yateganyaga kugura ibikinisho bya pulasitiki 100.000. Mu kubaza mu buryo butaziguye, abacuruzi batanze amayuan 12 kuri buri gice. Nyuma yo guha umukozi ushinzwe guhuza n'inganda, igiciro cya nyuma cyari amayuan 8.5 gusa kuri buri gice, bigabanya ikiguzi kuri buri gicuruzwa ho 30%. Hashingiwe ku giciro cy'ibicuruzwa miliyoni 1 byaguzwe buri mwaka, ibi bivuze ko bizigama ikiguzi cya buri mwaka kirenga miliyoni 3.5 za yuan. 2. Kongera ikiguzi cya serivisi zo gutwara ibintu: Guhuza amasoko no kugabanya igihombo cyo gutwara ibintu. Gutanga ibicuruzwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga akenshi bikubiyemo ibyiciro byinshi by'ibicuruzwa n'ababitanga. Iyo abaguzi babicunga ku giti cyabo, bagomba gufata ibicuruzwa mu nganda zitandukanye bakabyohereza ukwabyo, bigatuma ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu kiri hejuru (bishobora kongera ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu ku gicuruzwa ho 20%-50%) n'ibyago byinshi byo gukwirakwira cyangwa gutakara. Abashinzwe gutanga amasoko muri Yiwu muri rusange batanga serivisi zo "guhuza no gupakira": ibicuruzwa biva ku bacuruzi batandukanye bibanza guhurizwa mu bubiko bw'umukozi, aho bikorerwa igenzura ry’ubuziranenge, gushyira mu byiciro, no gupakira. Hanyuma, hashingiwe ku byo umuguzi akeneye, bahitamo uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu nko gutwara ibintu mu mazi, gutwara ibintu mu kirere, cyangwa gari ya moshi ya moshi y’ubushinwa-Uburayi. Ku ruhande rumwe, kohereza ibicuruzwa byinshi byemerera ibiganiro n'ibigo by'ibikoresho, bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu ku mpuzandengo ya 15%-25%; ku rundi ruhande, gupakira ibintu by'umwuga bigabanya igihombo cyo gutwara ibintu (cyane cyane ku bintu byoroshye, bigabanya igihombo kuva kuri 10% kikagera munsi ya 1%), birinda ikiguzi cyo kugura ibintu cya kabiri giterwa n'ibicuruzwa byangiritse. 3. Kuzigama amafaranga y'abakozi n'igihe: Serivisi yo guhagarara rimwe, birinda "ingendo zidasanzwe" Abaguzi mpuzamahanga baza muri Yiwu imbonankubone bagomba kwishyura ikiguzi cya viza, itike y'indege, n'amacumbi (hafi 5.000-20.000 RMB kuri buri rugendo), kandi kumenyera isoko no guhitamo abatanga ibicuruzwa bifata nibura ibyumweru 1-2. Niba ibyiciro by'ibicuruzwa ari byinshi, ingendo nyinshi zishobora kuba ngombwa. Abashinzwe kugura bashobora gutanga serivisi zo "gutanga amasoko mu buryo bwuzuye": kuva ku gutanga amakuru ku byifuzo (guhitamo abatanga ibicuruzwa hashingiwe ku bipimo cyangwa ibipimo byatanzwe n'umuguzi), gutanga ingero (gutanga no kohereza ingero mu izina ry'umukiriya), gukurikirana ibyo gutumiza (gukurikirana uko uruganda rugenda rukora) kugeza ku guhuza ibikorwa, inzira yose ntisaba ko umuguzi aba ahari. Umukiriya w’umunyafurika ucuruza ibicuruzwa byinshi yavuze ko nyuma yo guha umukozi isoko, inzira yo gutanga amasoko, yafashe ibyumweru 2, yagabanijweho iminsi 3, bigabanya abakozi n'igihe bitwara ho hejuru ya 80%.

III. Serivisi zikorerwa mu gace runaka: Gukemura "Ibibazo n'Ingaruka mbi" zo Gutanga Isoko ryambukiranya Imipaka

Ingorane mu kugura ibicuruzwa mpuzamahanga ku bucuruzi bunini akenshi ntabwo ziba mu "kutabasha kugura ibicuruzwa," ahubwo ziba mu "kugura mu bwizere kandi mu buryo buboneye." Ibyiza by'abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa muri Yiwu byuzuza neza "icyuho cya serivisi" mu kugura ibicuruzwa biva mu bihugu bitandukanye.

1. Ururimi n'umuco: Gukuraho inzitizi mu itumanaho
Abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa benshi bo muri Yiwu bavuga indimi ebyiri cyangwa izindi ndimi nyinshi (zivuga indimi zose zikomeye nk'Icyongereza, Icyarabu, Icyesipanyoli, n'Ikirusiya). Ntibashobora gusa gusobanura neza ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa n'amagambo yo gutumiza, ahubwo banasobanukirwa imico y'ubucuruzi y'ibihugu bitandukanye. Urugero, iyo bavugana n'abakiriya bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, bashimangira kubaka icyizere cy'igihe kirekire; iyo bavugana n'abakiriya b'i Burayi, bashimangira ibisobanuro birambuye ku kubahiriza amategeko, birinda kutumvikana guterwa n'itandukaniro ry'umuco.
Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, abakozi bashobora gukora nk' "ibiraro by'umuco": urugero, niba inganda zimwe na zimwe zitamenyereye inzira mpuzamahanga zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa, abakozi bashobora gufasha mu gusobanura ibisabwa mu gutumiza ibicuruzwa; iyo abaguzi bafite ibibazo ku bipimo ngenderwaho by'ibicuruzwa byo mu Bushinwa, abakozi bashobora gusobanura itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibipimo ngenderwaho by'igihugu n'ibipimo ngenderwaho mpuzamahanga (nk'icyemezo cya EU CE, icyemezo cya US FDA, nibindi), bakareba ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa n'igihugu gitumiza ibicuruzwa.

2. Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge mu kigo: Kugenzura Ubwiza no Kwirinda Amakimbirane Nyuma yo Kugurisha
"Kutabona ibicuruzwa nyabyo no guhangayikishwa n'itandukaniro ry'ubuziranenge" ni kimwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi abakiriya mpuzamahanga batanga ku bucuruzi buciriritse. Serivisi yo "gusuzuma aho bakorera" itangwa n'abashinzwe kugura muri Yiwu ni ingenzi mu gukemura iki kibazo:
* Igenzura ry’ubuziranenge mbere yo gukora: Mbere yo gutangira gukora, umukozi agenzura ubuziranenge bw’ibikoresho fatizo (urugero, niba ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byujuje ibisabwa ku bidukikije) kugira ngo hirindwe inenge z’ibicuruzwa bitewe n’ibibazo by’ibikoresho fatizo.
* Igenzura ry’ingero mu musaruro: Mu gihe cyo gukora, umukozi usura uruganda buri gihe kugira ngo akore igenzura ry’ibicuruzwa mu buryo butunguranye (gupima ku kigero cya 5%-10%) kugira ngo arebe ko inzira yo gukora n’ingero zitangwa zihura.
* Igenzura ryuzuye nyuma yo gukora: Iyo umusaruro urangiye, umukozi agenzura ibicuruzwa byose kugira ngo arebe uko bisa, imikorere, n'ibipfunyitse, atanga raporo irambuye y'igenzura ry'ubuziranenge (harimo n'amafoto na videwo) kugira ngo abaguzi bashobore "kwirebera ubwabo" bari kure.
* Igihe kimwe, umuguzi wo muri Amerika y'Epfo yahaye umukozi umuhuza kugura amatara 10.000 ya LED. Mu gihe cyo kugenzura ubuziranenge, amatara amwe yagaragaye ko adakora neza mu buryo bukwiye. Uwo muhuza yahise asaba uruganda kuyavugurura, yirinda ko ibicuruzwa byasubizwa bitewe n'ibibazo by'ubuziranenge nyuma yo kugera muri Amerika y'Epfo (ikiguzi cyo kugarura ibicuruzwa mu mahanga akenshi kiba inshuro 2-3 z'agaciro k'ibicuruzwa).

3. Igisubizo Gihindagurika: Guhuza n' "Ibyifuzo By'Abakiriya Banini" Abakiriya mpuzamahanga banini bakunze kugira ibyo bakeneye bitandukanye: bamwe bakeneye ibicuruzwa byihariye (nk'ibyanditseho ibirango by'ikirango), abandi basaba kohereza amadosiye y'igerageza ry'ibicuruzwa bito (kugira ngo bapime uko isoko ryifashe), abandi bagasaba kongera kuvugurura byihutirwa (kugira ngo bahangane n'ibihe by'ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa binini). Abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa ba Yiwu, bakoresheje ubumenyi bwabo mu bijyanye n'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa byo mu gace, bashobora gusubiza vuba ibyo bakeneye byihariye. Urugero, umuguzi w'i Burayi yashakaga guhindura amakaramu 5.000 yacapwe akoresheje imiterere y'iminsi mikuru, asaba ko agezwa mu minsi 10. Umukozi yahujwe n'inganda eshatu zikorana, agagabanya imiterere y'igishushanyo, icapiro, n'ubudozi, amaherezo akabitanga iminsi ibiri mbere y'igihe cyari giteganyijwe. Iyo umuguzi aza kugerageza gushaka inganda ku giti cye, kubona gusa imwe ishobora gutunganya ibikoresho bito byari gufata iminsi 5-7, bigatuma bigorana guhaza ibyo ukeneye byihutirwa.

IV. Kugabanya ibyago: "Umutekano" w'ubucuruzi bwambukiranya imipaka

Gutanga amasoko mpuzamahanga ku bucuruzi bunini bikubiyemo uburyo butandukanye bwo gukusanya amakuru, imari shingiro, n'ibikoresho. Ibibazo muri ubwo buryo bwose bishobora gutera igihombo. Abashinzwe gutanga amasoko muri Yiwu, binyuze mu bushobozi bwabo bw'umwuga, bubakira "urukuta rwo kurinda ingaruka" abaguzi.

1. Gusuzuma Abatanga Ibicuruzwa: Kwirinda Ingorane Ziterwa n'Abacuruzi Batagira Uburiganya Kubera ko hari abacuruzi benshi ku isoko rya Yiwu, ni ngombwa ko bamwe batanga ibicuruzwa bitari ku rwego rwo hejuru cyangwa gutinda gutanga. Abashinzwe gutanga ibicuruzwa bagenzura ubuziranenge bw'abatanga ibicuruzwa binyuze mu "gusuzuma ibintu mu byiciro bitatu": * **Kugenzura ibisabwa:** Kugenzura impushya z'ubucuruzi bw'uruganda, impushya zo gukora, impamyabumenyi z'ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, nibindi; * **Kugenzura ubufatanye mu mateka:** Gushyira imbere abatanga ibicuruzwa bafite ubufatanye bw'imyaka irenga 3 kandi nta makimbirane bagiranye; * **Kugenzura aho bakorera:** Gusura inganda zifatanya kugira ngo hemezwe ubushobozi bwo gukora n'urwego rw'ubuyobozi. Ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma bugabanya igipimo cy'abatanga ibicuruzwa badafite ubushobozi kuva ku mpuzandengo y'inganda ya 8% kikagera munsi ya 1%, bikarinda abaguzi guhomba cyangwa gutinda gutanga ibicuruzwa bitewe n'abacuruzi badafite ubunyangamugayo.

2. Ibigega n'Amasezerano: Kurengera Uburenganzira bw'Impande zombi Mu itangwa ry'amasoko mpuzamahanga, umutekano w'ibigega n'amasezerano ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bishobora guteza akaga. Abashinzwe kugura muri Yiwu bakunze gufasha abaguzi mu: Gutegura amasezerano asanzwe yo kugura: gusobanura neza ibipimo by'ibicuruzwa, amahame y'ubuziranenge, igihe cyo kubigeza, uburyo bwo kwishyura (urugero, 30% yo kwishyura mbere + 70% yo kwishyura bwa nyuma), n'inshingano zo kutubahiriza amasezerano, birinda amakimbirane aterwa n'amagambo adasobanutse neza; Gukurikirana imikorere y'amafaranga: Bamwe mu bashinzwe gutanga serivisi zo "kwishyura mu izina", aho abaguzi bohereza amafaranga ku mukozi, hanyuma akishyura uruganda nyuma yo kwemeza ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa, akirinda ibyago byo "ko uruganda rutazohereza nyuma yo kwishyura."

3. Politiki n'Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko: Kugabanya Ingaruka zo Gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga: Politiki zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga (nk'imisoro n'ibisabwa mu gutanga icyemezo) zo mu bihugu bitandukanye zikunze guhinduka. Abaguzi batazi neza izi politiki bashobora gufungirwa ibicuruzwa byabo na gasutamo. Abashinzwe kugura ibicuruzwa muri Yiwu bakurikiranira hafi politiki zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu bihugu bitandukanye kandi bashobora gutanga inama z'umwuga ku baguzi: Ubufasha mu gutanga ibyemezo: nko kwemeza CE ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe mu Burayi n'icyemezo cya FDA ku bicuruzwa byoherejwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; Gukoresha neza inyandiko zo gutangaza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga: gutegura inyandiko za gasutamo hakurikijwe ibisabwa n'igihugu cyinjije ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kugira ngo hirindwe gutinda kugenzura ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bitewe n'inyandiko zituzuye; Ibimenyesha ku mpinduka za politiki: niba igihugu giherutse kongera imisoro ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'ibicuruzwa, umukozi azamenyesha abaguzi hakiri kare kandi afashe mu guhindura gahunda zo kugura (nko kongera ingano y'ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bikwirakwizwe).

Umwanzuro: Guhitamo umuhuza mu kugura wa Yiwu bivuze guhitamo "imikorere myiza n'amahoro yo mu mutima".