Ubwishingizi bw'imizigo bwasobanuwe: Uburyozwe bwo kwishyura ububiko hagati y'ububiko n'ubw'umukozi

Isesengura ryimbitse ry’ubwishingizi bw’imizigo: Kuva ku itandukaniro ry’ibanze hagati y’"ububiko hagati y’ububiko" n’"inshingano z’umukozi" kugeza ku gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwishyura amafaranga buhendutse cyane.

Iyo itsinda ry'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga biva mu bubiko bw'uruganda rwo muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba, bikanyura mu nyanja no ku butaka bijya mu bubiko bukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu Burayi, kandi bikangirika kubera imvura mu gikari cy'ubwikorezi, nyir'imizigo akunze guhura n'ikibazo: ese agomba gusaba indishyi ku mukozi utwara imizigo cyangwa agatanga ikirego muri sosiyete y'ubwishingizi? Mu ruhererekane mpuzamahanga rw'ibicuruzwa, ubwishingizi bw'"ububiko hagati y'ububiko" n'uburyozwe bw'ubwikorezi akenshi biravangwa, kandi gushyiraho amafaranga akurwa mu biciro ni ingenzi cyane mu kugira ingaruka ku kiguzi cy'ibyago no ku mbaraga z'uburinzi. Iyi ngingo izasesengura ibi bibazo by'ingenzi ku rwego ku rundi, itanga ubuyobozi busobanutse neza ku bakora akazi ko gutwara imizigo bambuka imipaka.

I. Isesengura ry'Ingingo Nkuru: Gusobanukirwa "Imipaka Ibiri y'Inshingano"

Muri sisitemu mpuzamahanga yo kurinda ingaruka z'imizigo, ubwishingizi bw'"ububiko hagati y'ububiko" n'uburyozwe bw'ubwikorezi ni uburyo bubiri bwigenga kandi bwuzuzanya mu kurinda, bufite itandukaniro ry'ibanze mu nkomoko yabwo, urwego, n'imiterere y'uburyozwe.

1. Ubwishingizi bw'ububiko buva mu bubiko bujya mu bubiko: Kwimura ibyago byihutirwa bireba uruhererekane rwose rw'ibikoresho

Ubwishingizi bw’ububiko bujya mu bubiko (W/W) ni ingingo y’ingenzi mu bwishingizi mpuzamahanga bw’imizigo, bukubiye mu masezerano y’Ikigo cy’Ubwishingizi cya London (ICC) n’ay’Ikigo cy’Ubwishingizi cy’Abaturage bo mu Bushinwa (CIC). Mu by’ukuri, buhagarariye garanti y’uburyozwe bw’ubwumvikane busesuye hagati y’umwishingizi n’uwishingiwe. Ibisobanuro byabwo by’ingenzi birimo ibice bitatu by’ingenzi:

- Ingingo zo gutangira no kurangiza inshingano: Inshingano zitangira iyo ibicuruzwa bifite ubwishingizi biva mu bubiko aho byaturutse bivugwa muri politiki, bikubiyemo ibyiciro byose bisanzwe byo gutwara ibicuruzwa, harimo n'amazi, ubutaka, inzira yo mu mazi yo mu gihugu, n'ubwikorezi bw'ubwato, kugeza bigeze mu bubiko bw'umukozi wabitanze aho bijya. Iyo bitinze kuhagera, inshingano zigarukira ku minsi 60 nyuma y'uko ibicuruzwa bivanywe mu bwato bwo mu nyanja; niba bikenewe koherezwa mu bwato, inshingano zirangira mu ntangiriro yo gutwara ibicuruzwa. Urugero, iyo ibicuruzwa biri mu bubiko bw'uruganda rw'Abashinwa bishyizwe mu modoka itwara ibicuruzwa kandi bikava mu bubiko, inshingano z'ubwishingizi zitangira gukora kugeza igihe ububiko bwa nyuma mu Budage businyiye ko bwakiriwe.

- Ubwishingizi: Mu rwego rwa politiki y'ubwishingizi (urugero, ibyago byose, ibyago byigenga), irengera ibiza bisanzwe (imvura y'umuhengeri, imitingito), impanuka (impanuka z'impanuka, inkongi z'umuriro), igihombo giterwa no gutinda gutwara ibintu, ndetse n'ingaruka zo kubika ibicuruzwa by'agateganyo mu cyambu.

- Ibiranga by'ingenzi: Ubu ni ubwishingizi bw'ubucuruzi bugurwa na nyir'imizigo ku bushake, bugakoreshwa nk' "igikoresho cyo kwirinda ibyago." Amafaranga y'ubwishingizi afitanye isano itaziguye n'agaciro k'imizigo, inzira yo kuyitwara, n'ubwoko bw'ubwishingizi. Indishyi ishingiye ku masezerano y'ubwishingizi, ntabwo ari amasezerano y'ubwikorezi.

2. Inshingano z'ubwikorezi: Inshingano ntoya ziteganywa n'amategeko hakurikijwe amasezerano y'ubwikorezi

Inshingano z’ubwikorezi ni inshingano zemewe n’amategeko zifatwa n’amasosiyete atwara imizigo (urugero, amasosiyete atwara imizigo, abatwara imizigo) hashingiwe ku masezerano yo gutwara imizigo. Ishingiro ryayo ni amasezerano mpuzamahanga nka Hague-Visby Rules n’Amategeko ya Hamburg. Ishingiro ryayo ni "garanti y’imikorere" aho kuba "ubwishingizi bwuzuye," bufite ibi bikurikira:

- Imbibi z'inshingano zitagira imipaka: Irengera gusa ibyago mu gihe ibicuruzwa biba biri munsi y'ubuyobozi bw'umutwara ibintu, akenshi kuva igihe ibicuruzwa bishyizwe mu buryo bwo gutwara ibintu (ubwato, indege, ikamyo) kugeza igihe bipakururiwe, hatarimo igihe nyuma yo gupakururirwa ku cyambu cy'aho biturutse no gupakururirwa mu bubiko bw'aho bijya. Urugero, niba ibicuruzwa byangiritse bitewe n'imikorere mibi y'imodoka mu gihe cyo gupakurura mu bubiko bw'uruganda, umutwara ibintu ntaryozwa.

- Imbogamizi nyinshi: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga agena neza ingingo zigenga imbogamizi, harimo intambara, imyigaragambyo, inenge zigaragara mu bicuruzwa (nk'iyangirika ry'ibicuruzwa bishya), ikosa ry'umucuruzi (gupakira nabi), n'uburangare bwo mu mazi (ikosa rya kapiteni). Mu by'ukuri, abatwara ibicuruzwa bakunze kwanga indishyi bitewe n'"ibiza bisanzwe" cyangwa "ibibazo ku bicuruzwa ubwabyo."

- Imipaka ikomeye y'indishyi: Nubwo umucuruzi yaba afite inshingano, amafaranga y'indishyi agengwa n'amasezerano, akenshi abarwa hashingiwe ku buremere cyangwa umubare w'ibicuruzwa, ari munsi cyane y'agaciro nyakuri k'ibicuruzwa. Urugero, Amategeko ya Hague-Visby agena indishyi ntarengwa ya £100 kuri buri gice cy'imizigo. Nubwo amasezerano agezweho yongereye uyu mupaka, ntabwo ashobora kwishyura igihombo cy'ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini.

II. Guhangana kw'ingenzi: Imbonerahamwe yo gusobanura itandukaniro ry'ingenzi

Ba nyir'imizigo benshi bibeshya ko "kubona ikigo cy'ubwishingizi cyizewe bivuze ko udakeneye kugura ubwishingizi," ibyo bikaba bivanga ishingiro ry'inshingano z'ibyo byombi. Igereranya rikurikira rigaragaza imiterere idasimburwa y'ubwishingizi bubiri mu ngingo esheshatu z'ingenzi:

Urugero rusanzwe: Itsinda ry'ibicuruzwa bya 3C byajyanywe mu bubiko bwa Shenzhen bijyanwa i Rotterdam, mu Buholandi, maze byangirika kubera inkongi y'umuriro yabereye ku cyambu ubwo byari mu rugendo muri Singapuru. Ubwo nyir'imizigo yasabaga indishyi kuri sosiyete itwara imizigo, sosiyete itwara imizigo yanze kwishyura, ivuga ko "inkongi ari ikintu gikomeye cyane." Ariko, nyir'imizigo, wari waraguze ubwishingizi bw'ibyago byose "bw'ububiko" bwa "ububiko bujya mu bubiko", yabonye indishyi ya 110% by'agaciro k'imizigo hashingiwe ku cyemezo cy'inkongi na politiki y'ubwishingizi.

III. Ingingo z'ingenzi z'ingenzi: Ni gute wakoresha uburyo bwo kuringaniza ikiguzi n'uburyo bwo kwirinda mu gihe ushyiraho amafaranga agabanyirizwa?

Amafaranga yishyurwa ni "amafaranga yishingiwe" avugwa mu masezerano y'ubwishingizi; ni ukuvuga ko iyo ibicuruzwa byangiritse, ikigo cy'ubwishingizi cyishyura gusa igice kirenze ayo yishyurwa. Gushyiraho amafaranga yishyurwa akwiye bishobora kubona uburinganire hagati yo kugabanya amafaranga yishyurwa no kugabanya igihombo cy'ubwishingizi.

1. Sobanukirwa n'uburyo bubiri bwo gukuraho amafaranga

Uburyo bubiri busanzwe bwo kwishyura amafaranga buboneka mu bwishingizi mpuzamahanga bw'imizigo, kandi mu by'ukuri, ubusanzwe, hejuru muri ubwo bubiri niho hatoranywa:

- Amafaranga adashobora gukurwaho burundu (Amafaranga adahinduka): Amafaranga yishyurwa nibura kuri buri kibazo, nka RMB 1000 cyangwa USD 200.

- Ijanisha rikoreshwa mu kwishyura (Ijanisha): Ribarwa nk'ijanisha ry'igihombo, nka 10% cyangwa 20%.

Urugero, niba igihombo cy'amafaranga yoherejwe ari 8.000 yuan, kandi amasezerano y'ubwishingizi avuga ko "amafaranga agabanywa ari 1.000 yuan cyangwa 20% by'igihombo, icyo ari cyo cyose kiri hejuru," icyo gihe amafaranga agabanywa ni 8.000 × 20% = 1.600 yuan, kandi ikigo cy'ubwishingizi cyishyura 8.000 - 1.600 = 6.400 yuan.

2. Ibipimo bitatu bigena aho amafaranga ashyirwa

Amafaranga agabanywa n'amafaranga y'inyongera bifite "isano inyuranye": uko amafaranga agabanywa aba menshi, ni ko amafaranga y'inyongera aba make, ariko ni ko ingaruka ziterwa n'umucuruzi w'imizigo ziba nyinshi. Ni ngombwa gufata icyemezo cyuzuye hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa, imiterere y'ubwikorezi, n'amakuru y'amateka:

(1) Imiterere itandukanye hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa

Ingaruka zo kwangirika n'ikiguzi cyo gusana ibicuruzwa bitandukanye biratandukanye cyane, kandi amafaranga agomba gukurwaho agomba guhindurwa hakurikijwe imikorere y'inganda:

- Ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gakomeye (ibicuruzwa bya 3C, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi): Kuri ibi bicuruzwa, nubwo byangirika gato bishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye. Ni byiza gushyiraho amafaranga make yo kubikuza, nka "500 yuan cyangwa 10% by'igihombo, icyo ari cyo cyose kiri hejuru." 4PX Express ikurikiza iyi logique mu gushyiraho amafaranga yo kubikuza ku bicuruzwa bya 3C nka telefoni zigendanwa.

- Ibintu byoroshye (ibirahure, ibumba): Ingaruka nyinshi zo kwangirika. Ibigo by'ubwishingizi bikunze gushyiraho amafaranga menshi yo kwishyurwa, byemera ingingo ya "2000 Yuan cyangwa 20% by'igihombo", mu gihe binakoresha "ubwishingizi bw'inyongera bwo kwangirika" kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago.

- Ibicuruzwa rusange (imyenda, ibikoresho bya pulasitiki): Ingaruka nke. Amafaranga agabanywa angana na "1000 Yuan cyangwa 10% by'igihombo" ashobora gushyirwaho kugira ngo agabanye amafaranga akoreshwa ku giciro cyo hejuru.

- Ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro gake (amakara, amabuye y'agaciro): Amafaranga menshi yo kubikuza (nk'igihombo kiri hagati ya 5% na 8%) yemerwa, cyangwa se ubwishingizi bw'igice bushobora gukurwaho, bigakwirakwiza ibyago binyuze mu gutwara ibintu byinshi.

(2) Impinduka zishingiye ku nzira n'uburyo bwo gutwara abantu

- Inzira zishobora gutera ibyago byinshi: Nk'inzira z'imvura zo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa Aziya (inkubi z'umuyaga zikunze kugaragara), n'ubwikorezi bwo ku butaka bugana mu turere tw'uburasirazuba bwo Hagati twashegeshwe n'intambara. Ni byiza kugabanya amafaranga asabwa kugabanyirizwa no gushyira imbere ubwishingizi; nubwo amafaranga y'ubwishingizi yazamukaho 10%-15%, igihombo gikomeye gishobora kwirindwa. - Uburyo bwinshi bwo gutwara abantu: Uko ubwikorezi bugenda burushaho kuba bwinshi, ni ko ibyago biba byinshi. Amafaranga asabwa kugabanyirizwa agomba kugenzurwa muri 10% by'igihombo, kandi ubwishingizi ku buryo bwose bwo gutwara abantu bugomba kwemezwa.

- Ubwikorezi bw'intera ngufi: Nk'ubwikorezi bwo mu butaka mu Burayi, ingaruka ni nke, kandi amafaranga menshi ashobora gukurwaho (urugero, amafaranga ahoraho angana na yuan 2,000) kugira ngo uzigame amafaranga y'ubwishingizi.

(3) Gutunganya ibintu mu buryo burambye bishingiye ku makuru y’ibyabaye mu mateka

Iyo inzira idafite ikirego cy’ibyangiritse ku mutwaro mu mezi 12 yikurikiranya, amafaranga ashobora kwishyurwa ashobora kwiyongeraho 20%-30% kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo kwishyura; iyo ubwoko bw’umutwaro bwangiritse inshuro zirenga 3 mu mezi 6, amafaranga agomba kwishyurwa agomba kugabanywa kandi ibibazo byo gupakira no gutwara ibicuruzwa bigomba gusuzumwa, mu gihe haganirwa n’ikigo cy’ubwishingizi kugira ngo hakosorwe ubwoko bw’ubwishingizi.

3. Inyigisho yo kwirinda: Ibitekerezo bitari byo ku bijyanye n'igenamiterere ry'amafaranga atangwa

- Igitekerezo cya 1: Gukurikirana mu buryo butari bwo "kugabanya amafaranga": Inyungu za zero zigabanuka ubusanzwe ziba ziri hejuru ya 30%-50% ugereranyije n'izindi zisanzwe zigabanuka, ibyo bikaba ari igiciro gito cyane ku bicuruzwa bifite ibyago bike. Keretse ari ibikoresho bigezweho bifite igiciro kirenze miliyoni imwe, ntibyemewe guhitamo ubu buryo. - Igitekerezo cya 2: Kwirengagiza ingaruka z'"igipimo cy'ubwishingizi" ku bicuruzwa bigabanuka: Niba nyir'imizigo yishingikirije 80% by'agaciro k'imizigo gusa, amafaranga agabanuka abarwa hashingiwe ku gihombo cyuzuye cy'imizigo. Urugero, niba agaciro k'imizigo ari 100.000 yuan, amafaranga yishingiwe ari 80.000 yuan, igihombo cy'imizigo ni 50.000 yuan, naho amafaranga agabanuka akaba 10.000 yuan (20%), ikigo cy'ubwishingizi kizishyura gusa (50.000-10.000) × 80% = 32.000 yuan. Bityo rero, ni byiza kwishingira 100% by'agaciro k'imizigo.

- Igitekerezo kibi cya 3: Kunanirwa gusobanura neza ibintu bireba amafaranga atangwa ku nguzanyo: Amasezerano amwe y'ubwishingizi avuga ko "amafaranga atangwa ku nguzanyo agabanywamo kabiri ku mpanuka z'inkongi n'iziturika." Nyir'imizigo agomba gusobanura amategeko agenga amafaranga atangwa ku bintu byihariye biri mu masezerano kugira ngo hirindwe impaka ku kirego.

IV. Incamake: Kubaka uburyo bubiri bwo kurinda "ubwishingizi + umutwara"

Uruhererekane rw'ibyago by'imizigo mpuzamahanga runyura mu nzira yose "yo gutwara ibicuruzwa mu bubiko". Ubwishingizi "bwo gufatira ibicuruzwa mu bubiko" ni bwo burinzi bw'ingenzi butwikira inzira yose, mu gihe inshingano z'umucuruzi ari inshingano y'ibanze gusa mu "gice cyo hagati." Ibyo byombi ntibishobora guhindurwa. Abatwara ibicuruzwa bagomba kubanza kugena uburyo bwabo bwo kwihanganira ibyago, hanyuma bagashyiraho amafaranga akoreshwa hashingiwe ku miterere y'imizigo n'imiterere y'ubwikorezi: ibicuruzwa bifite ibyago byinshi bigomba guhitamo "amafaranga make akoreshwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa + ubwishingizi bwuzuye," mu gihe ibicuruzwa bifite ibyago bike bigomba guhitamo "amafaranga menshi akoreshwa mu gutwara ibicuruzwa + ubwishingizi bw'ibanze," binonosora gahunda hakurikijwe amakuru y'amateka.

Amaherezo, ingamba zikwiye zo kurinda ingaruka si "gukoresha amafaranga make cyane," ahubwo ni "kwimura ibyago by'ingenzi ku giciro gikwiye"—iki ni cyo giciro nyakuri cy'ubwishingizi mpuzamahanga bw'imizigo.