Ibyiza byo mu gace ka Yiwu byo gucuruza ibicuruzwa

Ibyiza bya Yiwu mu gace utuyemo Umukozi ushinzwe amasokos: Kuki Abacuruzi b'Ubucuruzi bw'Amahanga Bakunda Abafatanyabikorwa bo mu Gihugu?

Iyo bigeze kuri Isoko Mpuzamahanga Mu bicuruzwa bito, Yiwu ihora ari ahantu heza cyane. Iyi "supermarket ku isi," ifite ibicuruzwa birenga miliyoni 1.3 n'umubare w'ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga urenga miliyari 400 z'amayuan buri mwaka, ikurura abacuruzi b'ubucuruzi bw'amahanga baturutse mu bihugu birenga 200 n'uturere. Ariko, ku bacuruzi bo mu tundi turere cyangwa mu mahanga, imbogamizi zo "gushaka gushaka amasoko ariko bagatinya ingorane," "kugorana kubona abakora ibicuruzwa, kugenzura ubuziranenge, no kugabanya ikiguzi" ziracyahari. Aha niho agaciro k'abahagarariye amasoko yo mu gihugu cya Yiwu kagaragara: kubera inyungu zabo zo gushinga imizi muri Yiwu, bakora nk'ikiraro gihuza abaguzi ku isi n'urusobe rw'ibicuruzwa bya Yiwu. Ubuhanga bwabo mu gihugu ni inyungu nyamukuru yo guhangana ku buryo bigora amakipe akorera ahandi kubyigana.

1. Kugenzura byimbitse uburyo isoko ritanga umusaruro rikoreshwa: Gusimbuka abahuza no guhuza inganda nziza cyane
Inyungu y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa rwa Yiwu iri mu "matsinda y'inganda nyinshi hamwe n'uburyo bwo gutanga ibiciro bugaragara," ariko iyi nyungu iboneka gusa ku baturage babifitiye ubumenyi. Inyungu y'ibanze y'abashinzwe gucuruza ibicuruzwa mu gace ni ukwinjira mu buryo bwimbitse no gusuzuma neza uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa bya Yiwu:

Urusobe rw'abatanga serivisi za dogere 360

Ahantu henshi hazwi cyane YiwuBafite uburambe bw'imyaka itanu mu nganda kandi bafatanyije n'inganda zirenga igihumbi, zikora mu byiciro by'ingenzi bya Yiwu nko gukina, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho byo hanze. Ntibamenyereye gusa amaduka yo mu Mujyi Mpuzamahanga w'Ubucuruzi, ahubwo banafite uburenganzira bwo kugera ku "matsinda y'inganda zikomoka mu nkengero z'umujyi" - nka Pujiang Crystal Factory, Yongkang Hardware Factory, na Dongyang Knitting Factory hafi y'Umujyi Muto w'Ibicuruzwa. Ku baguzi mpuzamahanga, nta mpamvu yo kumara amezi menshi bakora ubushakashatsi. Hashingiwe ku byo bakeneye mu kugura (urugero, "ibikinisho bikozwe mu bikoresho bibungabunga ibidukikije" cyangwa "ibikoresho byo mu rugo bigurishwa cyane mu mahanga"), abakozi bashobora kubahuza n'inganda eshatu kugeza kuri eshanu zujuje ibisabwa mu masaha 24, birinda umutego w'"ibigo by'ubucuruzi byihishe nk'inganda."

"Akarusho k'igenzura ry'inganda aho zikorera"

Ingaruka zikomeye zo gushaka ibicuruzwa ahantu hatandukanye ni uko ingero zo kuri interineti zidahuye n'ibicuruzwa nyabyo. Abakozi ba Yiwu bo mu gace bashobora gukora igenzura ry'uruganda aho rukorera igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Bashobora guha abaguzi ibitekerezo by'igihe gito kuri buri kimwe kuva ku bikoresho by'uruganda n'ubushobozi bwo gukora kugeza kuri raporo z'ubuziranenge bw'ibikoresho fatizo, inzira z'abakozi, ndetse n'inyandiko z'ibyo bategetse mbere binyuze mu mashusho cyangwa amafoto yo mu rugo. Urugero, niba umuguzi w'i Burayi akeneye guhindura amatara y'iminsi mikuru, umukozi ashobora gusura uruganda gatatu uwo munsi kugira ngo arebe niba urumuri rw'amatara ariho, insinga, n'imiterere y'ibipfunyika, bityo birinda igihombo giterwa n'ibibazo by'ubuziranenge byagaragaye nyuma yo gukora byinshi.

"Inzitizi y'umwuga" yo Gutandukanya Ibyiciro
Urusobe rw'ibicuruzwa bya Yiwu rugizwe n'ibice byinshi: icyiciro kimwe cy' "ibikoresho" gishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro nk'imitako y'ibumba, imitako y'amabuye karemano, n'imitako yoroheje cyane cyane igenewe kugezwa mu mahanga; icyiciro kimwe cy' "ibicuruzwa byo hanze" gishobora kugabanywamo ibikoresho byo mu nkambi, ibikoresho byo mu busitani, n'ibikoresho bya siporo. Abakozi bo mu gace batuyemo bihariye icyiciro kimwe cyangwa byinshi kandi bazi ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi by'inganda zitandukanye. Urugero, bashobora kumenya uruganda rukora "intebe zo mu nkambi zipfunyika" zujuje ibisabwa kandi zigatanga ikiguzi gito, cyangwa "udupira tw'iminsi mikuru" dutanga amabara menshi kandi twujuje amahame y'ibidukikije yo mu Burayi no muri Amerika. Ubu buhanga bw'ibyiciro biragoye ku matsinda ya kure kugeraho binyuze mu bushakashatsi kuri interineti.

Icya kabiri, Kunoza Ibiciro by'Uruhererekane rw'Ibiciro: Kuva ku kugura kugeza ku gutwara ibintu, buri ntambwe izigama ikiguzi.

Ubucuruzi bw'amahanga bushingiye ku nyungu. Abashinzwe gushakisha ibicuruzwa mu gihugu bashobora gufasha abaguzi kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugura, ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu, n'ikiguzi cyihishe binyuze mu guhuza umutungo w'igihugu.

Kugura Ibiganiro: Gucuruza Imigabane Ikomeye ku Giciro cy'Uruganda

Ibiciro by’inganda za Yiwu bishingiye ku ihame ry’uko “uko ingano nini, igiciro ni gito.” Ariko, ingano y’ibyo umuguzi umwe wo mu mahanga yaguze ishobora kuba idahagije kugira ngo abone igiciro cyiza. Bakoresheje ubushobozi bwabo bwo guhuza amadosiye menshi y’abaguzi, abashinzwe gushaka ibicuruzwa bo mu gace bashobora guhuza ubusabe bw’ibyo kugura bitandukanye mu madosiye menshi, bakabona igabanywa ry’ibiciro kuva kuri 5% kugeza kuri 15% by’uruganda. Urugero, umuguzi wo muri Amerika yashyizeho komande imwe ya thermoses 1.000, uruganda rutanga amadosiye 35 ya yuan kuri buri gikoresho. Mu guhuza amadosiye y’abaguzi batatu basa (ibice 5.000 byose hamwe), umuhuza yagabanyije igiciro cya nyuma cy’ibikorwa kugeza kuri yuan 28 kuri buri gikoresho, igabanywa rya 20% ry’ikiguzi cya buri gicuruzwa.

Kugabanya Ikiguzi cy'Ibikoresho: Huza n'abatwara imizigo bo mu gace utuyemo kandi wishimire "Ibiciro bya Yiwu"

Nk’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe gutwara imizigo, Yiwu ifite ibigo birenga 200 byo kohereza imizigo n’inzira mpuzamahanga zirenga 100 zagenewe gutwara imizigo (zikubiyemo amasoko y’ingenzi nka Middle East, Europe, Amerika, na Aziya y’Amajyepfo y’Uburasirazuba). Ubufatanye bw’igihe kirekire hagati y’ibigo bitwara imizigo byo mu gace n’ibigo bitwara imizigo butuma habaho ibiciro byumvikana. Urugero, ku byoherezwa muri Amerika na FBA, gukoresha ibikoresho bishobora kugabanukaho 12%-18% kuruta gukoresha ibikoresho byo kohereza imizigo wenyine. Inzira zagenewe gutwara imizigo zo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati zishobora kugabanya igihe cyo kohereza iminsi 3-5, igihombo kikaba kiri munsi ya 0.5%. Byongeye kandi, ibigo bitwara imizigo bitanga serivisi zo "guhuza": abaguzi bashobora kubika ibicuruzwa bito, by’ingeri nyinshi mu bubiko bw’ibigo bitwara imizigo kugeza igihe bihurijwe hamwe mu gikoresho kimwe mbere yo kohereza, birinda ikiguzi kinini cyo kohereza kijyanye no kohereza amapaki mato menshi ukwayo.

Ibiciro Bihishe: Kwirinda "Umutego wo Gushakisha Ibicuruzwa Biri Kure"

Ibiciro byihishe byo gushakisha ibicuruzwa biri kure bikunze kwirengagizwa: urugero, ibihano byo gutanga ibicuruzwa bitewe n'itinda ryo kubigeza ku ruganda, ikiguzi cyo kugarura ibicuruzwa bitewe n'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa butari bwiza, ndetse n'itinda ryo kwishyura ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo riterwa n'inyandiko zitari zo zo gutangaza ibicuruzwa. Abakozi bo mu gace bashobora kugabanya izi ngaruka bakurikirana inzira yose:

Igihe cyo gutanga: Kugenzura uko umusaruro w'uruganda ugenda buri munsi kandi wemeze ko ugeze ku gihe iminsi itatu mbere y'uko ugera.

Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge: Gukora igenzura ry'icyitegererezo mbere yo gukora ibintu byinshi, gukora igenzura ryihariye mu gihe cyo gukora, no gukora igenzura ryuzuye mbere yo kohereza.

Gutanga uburenganzira ku mutungo wa gasutamo: Menya neza ibisabwa mu gutangaza ibicuruzwa bya gasutamo muri Yiwu kugira ngo umenye neza ko inyemezabuguzi, urutonde rw'ibipakiye, n'inyandiko z'igenzura ry'ibicuruzwa ari ukuri kugira ngo wirinde gutinda gutanga uburenganzira ku mutungo wa gasutamo.

Icya gatatu, Igisubizo cy'aho utuye: Guhuzagurika: Gukemura ibibazo bijyana n'igihe mu gushaka serivisi zo kure

Gutanga amasoko mu bucuruzi bw’amahanga bikunze guhura n’ibibazo byihutirwa: urugero, ibyo abakiriya batumiza ku munota wa nyuma, guhindura imiterere y’ibicuruzwa, n’ibibazo bitunguranye by’ibicuruzwa. Muri ibi bihe, igihe cyo gusubiza cy’itsinda rikorera kure gikunze gutinda, mu gihe inyungu z’abakozi ba Yiwu bo mu gace bakoreramo zituma habaho ibisubizo byihuse:

Itumanaho mu masaha 24

Iyo umuguzi akeneye guhindura ibyo yatumije, umukozi wo mu gace atuyemo ashobora kuvugana n'uruganda mu buryo butaziguye. Urugero, igihe umuguzi wo muri Ositaraliya yamenyaga ko igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho byo ku meza by'abana be kitujuje amabwiriza y'umutekano wo mu gace atuyemo, umukozi yageze ku ruganda nyuma ya saa sita, akorana n'umuhanga mu gushushanya kugira ngo avugurure ibishushanyo, maze yemeza ingero nshya umunsi ukurikiyeho, yirinda gutinda kw'icyumweru cyo kohererezanya ubutumwa bwa email ku mipaka mbere yo kurangiza gahunda. Iyo uruganda rugerageje kwirengagiza inshingano (urugero, bitewe no gutinda koherezwa cyangwa ibibazo by'ubwiza), umukozi ashobora kumvikana ku gisubizo aho akorera ndetse akanafasha umuguzi guhindura uruganda kugira ngo arebe ko ibyo yatumije bikomeza.

Serivisi ikorerwa mu gace runaka: "Guhindura ibintu mu buryo burambuye"

Ibikenewe mu kugura biratandukanye bitewe n'igihugu: urugero, abaguzi b'i Burayi bashyira imbere icyemezo cya CE, abaguzi b'Abanyamerika bakeneye icyemezo cya FDA, naho abaguzi bo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati bakunda ibicuruzwa binini kandi bihendutse. Abakozi bo mu gace k'iwabo bazi neza ibyo bintu byo mu karere kandi bashobora kubihindura uko bikwiye mu gihe cyo kugura:

Icyemezo: Menyesha uruganda mbere y'igihe inyandiko zisabwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibicuruzwa bihagarikwa kubera kutagira icyemezo kiboneka iyo bihageze.

Gupakira: Hashingiwe ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa by'isoko ry'umuguzi, inama zishobora kuba zirimo "gupakira bikomejwe" (urugero, gupakira bidapfa kugwa ku byoherezwa mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati) cyangwa "gupakira byoroheje" (urugero, kugenzura ibiro kugira ngo ugabanye ikiguzi cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu Burayi no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika).

Serivisi nyuma yo kugurisha: Iyo havutse ibibazo by’ubuziranenge mu gihugu cyoherejwemo, umukozi ashobora gufasha umuguzi mu kumvikana n’uruganda kuvugurura cyangwa gusubizwa amafaranga ye, bigatuma hatabaho ikibazo cyo kuvugana n’uruganda mu mahanga.

Icya kane, Guha ubushobozi inzego za politiki n'umutungo w'inganda: Gukoresha inyungu zo mu gace runaka kugira ngo wishimire izindi nyungu

Nk'"Akarere k'igihugu gashinzwe ubucuruzi bw'ikoranabuhanga" hamwe n'"Umujyi w'igerageza ry'ubucuruzi bw'isoko," Yiwu ifite politiki nyinshi zo gushyigikira ubucuruzi bw'amahanga. Abakozi bo mu gace bashobora gufasha abaguzi gukoresha neza izi politiki no kubona izindi nyungu:

Gusobanura Politiki: Kwishimira uburyo bworoshye bwo kwishyura imisoro binyuze mu "Gutanga Isoko"
"Uburyo bwo Gucuruza Isoko" bwa Yiwu (icyitegererezo cya 1039) bwemerera abaguzi bato n'abaciriritse badafite uburenganzira bwo gutumiza no kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga kurangiza imisoro binyuze mu bahagarariye. Agaciro ntarengwa kuri buri koherezwa gashobora kuba amadolari y'Amerika 150.000, hamwe n'imisoro iri hasi kandi inzira yoroshye. Abahagarariye abaturage bo mu gace bazi neza inzira z'imikorere y'icyitegererezo cya 1039 kandi bashobora gufasha abaguzi kwihutisha inzira zo kwishyura imisoro no gusubizwa imisoro, birinda gutinda guterwa no kutamenya politiki. Byongeye kandi, abahagarariye bashobora gutanga amakuru mashya ku bijyanye na politiki z'imurikagurisha rya Yiwu. Urugero, mu gihe cy'imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga rya Yiwu n'imurikagurisha ry'ubucuruzi ryambukiranya imipaka, zimwe mu nganda zitanga igabanywa ryihariye. Abahagarariye bashobora guhuza abaguzi n'inganda ziri aho kugira ngo babone andi magabanywa.

Amakuru ku nganda: Guhanura "Ibintu Bigurishwa Cyane"
Yiwu ikora nk'ahantu hagezweho ku bicuruzwa bito ku isi. Abakozi bo mu gace bashobora kubona amakuru binyuze mu nganda, harimo niba ibicuruzwa bizagerwaho n'ingaruka mbi ku mipaka, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukora uruganda, ndetse n'izamuka ry'ibiciro ku bikoresho fatizo. Urugero, mbere y'uko "ubushyuhe bwo gutembera hanze" mu 2024 butangira, abakozi bo mu gace babonye ko hari kwiyongera kw'ibiciro byo gutembera ameza yo gutembera n'amashyiga yo gutwara maze babisaba abaguzi bo mu mahanga mbere y'igihe, bibafasha kubona amahirwe yo ku isoko.