Ubukene bwo kugura bukomeje kwiyongera mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere

Ukwiyongera k'ubusabe bw'amasoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere: uko ibintu bihagaze, amahirwe n'imbogamizi

I. Intangiriro
Uko ubukungu bw'isi bukomeza gutera imbere, ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere birimo gukurura amaso y'isi kubera umuvuduko ukomeye w'ubukungu bwabyo. Ibi bihugu byabaye imbaraga nshya mu iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'isi bitewe n'umutungo wabyo wihariye, inyungu z'abaturage ndetse n'ibidukikije bihora binozwa neza. Nk'inkingi y'ingenzi y'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'isi, kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere ntikwashyize imbaraga nshya mu bucuruzi bw'isi gusa, ahubwo byanatanze umwanya mugari w'iterambere ku bigo by'ubucuruzi mu bihugu bitandukanye.

II. Impinduka mu kwiyongera k'ubukene mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere

(I) Icyerekezo rusange
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, icyifuzo cy’amasoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere cyagaragaje ko kigenda gikura vuba. Dufashe urugero rwa Afurika, nk'uko raporo y’Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) ibigaragaza, biteganijwe ko muri 2025, Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara izagera ku gipimo cy’ubukungu cya 4.2%, naho Afurika y’Amajyaruguru nayo ikagera kuri 3.9%, byombi bikaba biri hejuru y’impuzandengo y’isi ya 3.2%. Izamuka ry’ubukungu ryazanye ukwiyongera k’amafaranga y’abaturage n’ubwiyongere bw’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha, bityo bigateza imbere icyifuzo cy’ibicuruzwa na serivisi zitandukanye.

(II) Itandukaniro ry'uturere
Hari itandukaniro mu turere mu kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu bitandukanye biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu kugura muri Amerika y'Epfo kwibanda cyane cyane mu nzego z'inganda n'iterambere ry'umutungo; mu gihe ibikenewe mu kugura ku isoko rya Afurika ari byinshi cyane, birimo kubaka ibikorwa remezo, ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu kugura, ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi n'ibindi.

(III) Ibyiciro by'ibicuruzwa
Ubwiyongere bw'ibikenewe mu kugura mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bukubiyemo ibyiciro byinshi by'ibicuruzwa. Guhaha ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, imashini z'ubuhanga, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'ubuhinzi n'ibiribwa, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi n'imiti, ibikoresho bikoreshwa n'abantu n'imyenda byagaragaje iterambere ritandukanye.

III. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku iterambere ry'ibikenewe mu kugura mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere

(I) Iterambere ry'ubukungu
Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu kugura mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere biterwa mbere na mbere n'iterambere ry'ubukungu. Umutungo kamere ukura, kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga na politiki y'iterambere rirambye y'ibi bihugu byatanze urufatiro rukomeye rw'ubwiyongere bw'ibikenewe mu kugura.

(II) Inyungu ku baturage
Ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere akenshi biba bifite umubare munini w’abaturage n’imiterere y’abaturage bakiri bato. Urugero, Afurika ifite imyaka mike, ibi bikaba bitanga abakozi bahagije n’isoko rinini ry’abaguzi mu iterambere ry’ubukungu.

(III) Inkunga ya politiki
Politiki za leta zagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu kugura. Guverinoma nyinshi z'ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere zakuruye abashoramari n'ibigo by'ubucuruzi binjira ku isoko binyuze mu gushyiraho politiki zihariye no kunoza ibidukikije by'ubucuruzi, bityo bigatuma icyifuzo cyo gutanga amasoko kizamuka.

(IV) Kubaka ibikorwa remezo
Ibihugu biri ku isoko ry’imari muri rusange biri mu cyiciro cy’ibikorwa remezo, kandi bifite icyifuzo kinini cy’ibicuruzwa nk’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’imashini z’ubwubatsi. Muri icyo gihe, kunoza ibikorwa remezo byanatanze inkunga mu kwiyongera kw’ibikenewe mu masoko mu zindi nzego.

(V) Impinduka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga
Impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga ryagiye rikundwa buhoro buhoro mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, bitanga imbaraga nshya mu kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu gutanga amasoko. Urugero, gukundwa cyane kw'uburyo bwo kwishyurana hakoreshejwe telefoni zigendanwa muri Afurika no mu tundi turere ntibyateje imbere gusa ubufatanye mu by'imari, ahubwo byanashyizeho urufatiro rw'iterambere rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi bwo kuri interineti.

IV. Isesengura ryimbitse ry'ibikenewe mu bihugu bitandukanye no mu turere dutandukanye

(I) Afurika
Nijeriya: Nk’igihugu gifite ubukungu bunini muri Afurika, gifite umutungo mwinshi wa peteroli kandi gikeneye cyane ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi, ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga (nk’imashini zitanga moteri, ibice by’imodoka, nibindi) n’ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiribwa.
Afurika y'Epfo: Kimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere cyane mu nganda, gikeneye cyane ibikoresho by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'imashini n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi.
Kenya: Ni moteri y'ubukungu ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, ikeneye cyane imashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi, ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba n'imyenda.
Misiri: Ni rimwe mu masoko manini muri Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, aho hakenewe cyane ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho byo mu rugo n'ibikomoka ku miti.
Gana: Ni imwe mu bihugu by’ubukungu bihamye muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba, aho hakenewe cyane ibikoresho byo gucukura amabuye y’agaciro, imashini zitunganya ibiribwa n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.

(II) Amerika y'Epfo
Brezili: Nk'igihugu kimwe mu bihugu bigize BRICS, Brezili ifite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ibindi mu buhinzi, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'inganda. Ibikenewe mu gutanga amasoko byibanda cyane cyane ku mashini n'ibikoresho, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibice by'imodoka n'ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi.
Megizike: Nk'umufatanyabikorwa w'ingenzi mu bucuruzi wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, inganda z'imodoka n'inganda zikora imodoka muri Megizike zirimo gutera imbere vuba. Ibikenewe mu kugura ibicuruzwa byibanda cyane cyane ku bice by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, imashini n'ibikoresho, ndetse n'ibicuruzwa bya pulasitiki.

(III) Aziya
Ubuhinde: Ubuhinde ni bwo bukungu bukomeye muri Aziya y'Amajyepfo, bufite inyungu nini mu baturage ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo kwihuta mu iterambere ry'isoko. Ku bijyanye n'isoko ry'ibikorwa remezo n'ibicuruzwa bicuruzwa, Ubuhinde bufite icyifuzo gikomeye cy'imashini z'ubwubatsi, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ibice by'imodoka n'ibicuruzwa bya chimique.

(IV) Aziya y'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba
Vietnam: Mu myaka ya vuba aha, Vietnam yakuruye ishoramari ryinshi ry’abanyamahanga kubera ikiguzi gito cy’abakozi n’aho iherereye mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ubusabe bw’amasoko muri Vietnam bwiyongereye cyane mu bijyanye n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, imyenda n’ibikoresho byo mu nzu.

(V) Uburayi bw'Iburasirazuba
Uburusiya: Nk'ubukungu bukomeye mu Burayi bw'Iburasirazuba, icyifuzo cy'Uburusiya mu gutanga amasoko cyibanda cyane cyane ku bikoresho by'ingufu, ibice by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibiribwa.

(VI) Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati
Arabiya Sawudite: Nk'igihugu gifite ubukungu bukomeye mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati, Arabiya Sawudite ifite imbaraga zikomeye mu nganda za peteroli no mu bwubatsi bw'ibikorwa remezo. Hari isoko rinini ry'ibikoresho by'ingufu, ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi, ibice by'imodoka n'ibikoresho byo gutunganya ibiribwa.

V. Uturere aho ibyiciro by'ibicuruzwa byiyongera cyane

(I) Ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo kurengera ingufu n'ibidukikije
Uko isi yitaye cyane ku kurengera ibidukikije n'iterambere rirambye, icyifuzo cyo kugura ibikoresho bishya bijyanye n'ingufu n'ikoranabuhanga rirengera ibidukikije mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere cyariyongereye cyane. Urugero, icyifuzo cy'ibikoresho bikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ibikoresho bikoresha amashanyarazi aturuka ku muyaga, ibikoresho bisukura amazi, nibindi muri Afurika no mu tundi turere cyakomeje kwiyongera.

(II) Ibikoresho na serivisi by'ikoranabuhanga
Impinduka mu ikoranabuhanga ryatumye abantu benshi bakenera ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu ikoranabuhanga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Gukundwa kw'ibicuruzwa na serivisi nka telefoni zigendanwa, mudasobwa zigendanwa, na serivisi za mudasobwa zigendanwa muri utwo turere byakomeje kwiyongera.

(III) Ibikoresho byo kwa muganga n'imiti
Uko urwego rw'ubuvuzi mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere rugenda rutera imbere kandi ubukangurambaga bw'abaturage mu bijyanye n'ubuzima bukiyongera, ni ko icyifuzo cy'ibikoresho n'imiti byo kwa muganga kigenda kiyongera cyane. Ubukene bw'ibicuruzwa na serivisi bijyanye n'ubuvuzi ku isoko, harimo ibikoresho byo gusuzuma indwara, ibikoresho by'imiti n'imiti, buri kwiyongera muri utu turere.

VI. Ingaruka z'ubwiyongere bw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere ku ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi

(I) Gukwirakwiza uburyo bwo gutanga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye
Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byatumye habaho uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi rutandukanye cyane. Ibigo bikeneye gushaka abatanga ibicuruzwa n'abafatanyabikorwa benshi hirya no hino ku isi kugira ngo bihuze n'ibyo amasoko atandukanye akeneye.

(II) Imicungire y'ibyago by'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa
Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere nabyo byazanye ingorane nshya ku ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi. Ihungabana rya politiki, ihindagurika ry'ubukungu, ibiza kamere n'ibindi bintu bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ituze ry'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Ibigo bigomba kongera imbaraga mu gucunga ingaruka z'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa no gushyiraho ingamba zo kubirwanya kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago.

(III) Impinduka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu ruhererekane rw'ibikoresho
Kugira ngo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere birusheho guhaza ibyifuzo by'amasoko, ibigo bigomba kwihutisha impinduka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga mu bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa. Binyuze mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga nka big data, ubuhanga bw'ubukorano, na interineti y'ibintu, ibigo bishobora kunoza imikorere n'umucyo by'ibicuruzwa no gusubiza neza impinduka ku isoko.

VII. Amahirwe n'imbogamizi mu nganda

(I) Amahirwe
Ubushobozi bw'isoko ni bwinshi cyane: ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bitanga umwanya mugari ku masoko ku bigo mpuzamahanga.
Guteza imbere iterambere ry'inganda: Kugira ngo ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bihaze ibyo bikeneye mu kugura, ibigo bigomba gukomeza guhanga udushya mu ikoranabuhanga no kuvugurura ibicuruzwa kugira ngo biteze imbere iterambere ry'inganda.
Gushimangira ubufatanye mpuzamahanga: Ukwiyongera k'ubukene mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byateje imbere ubufatanye mu bukungu hagati y'ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi. Ibigo bishobora kugera ku gusangira umutungo no ku nyungu zuzuzanya binyuze mu bufatanye.
(II) Imbogamizi
Ihiganwa rikomeye ku isoko: Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu kugura mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere byakuruye ibitekerezo by'ibigo byinshi, kandi ipiganwa ku isoko ryarushijeho kwiyongera.
Itandukaniro ry'umuco n'imikorere y'ubucuruzi: Itandukaniro ry'umuco n'imikorere y'ubucuruzi mu bihugu bitandukanye biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bishobora guteza imbogamizi ku bigo byinjira ku isoko.
Ingaruka z’amategeko n’iz’ingamba: Amabwiriza n’ingamba z’ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bishobora kuba bitameze neza cyangwa bidahamye. Ibigo bigomba kwitondera cyane impinduka za politiki kugira ngo bigabanye ibyago.
VIII. Ingamba zo guhangana n'ibibazo
(I) Gusobanukirwa byimbitse ibyo isoko rikeneye
Ibigo bigomba gusobanukirwa byimbitse ibyo isoko rikeneye n'imiterere y'ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere kandi bigashyiraho ingamba zigamije isoko. Kubona amakuru y'isoko no gusobanukirwa ibyo abaguzi bakeneye binyuze mu bushakashatsi ku isoko no gukorana n'abafatanyabikorwa bo mu gace biherereyemo.
(II) Gushimangira imicungire y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa
Ibigo bigomba kongera imicungire y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa no kunoza imikorere n'ubushobozi bw'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Mu kunoza inzira yo gutanga amasoko, gushyiraho imikoranire myiza n'abatanga ibicuruzwa, no gushimangira imicungire y'ibicuruzwa, ikiguzi cy'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa gishobora kugabanuka kandi umuvuduko w'ibicuruzwa ukongera uko byagenda.

(III) Kwibanda ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'udushya
Mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abaguzi bafite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo bagire ireme ry'ibicuruzwa n'udushya. Ibigo bigomba kwibanda ku ireme ry'ibicuruzwa, kunoza urwego rwa tekiniki n'imikorere y'ibicuruzwa, no guhaza ibyifuzo by'abaguzi.

(IV) Gushimangira ibikorwa byo kubaka ikirango no kumenyekanisha ibikorwa
Kubaka ikirango no kwamamaza ni uburyo bw'ingenzi ku bigo byinjira mu masoko mashya. Mu gushimangira kwamamaza ikirango, kwitabira amamurikagurisha mpuzamahanga, no gukora ubucuruzi kuri interineti, kumenyekanisha ikirango bishobora kunozwa kandi ingaruka z'ikirango zishobora kwiyongera.

(V) Gushyiraho icyitegererezo cy'imikorere ikorerwa ahantu runaka
Kugira ngo ibigo birusheho kumenyera imiterere y’ubucuruzi bw’ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere, ibigo bigomba gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukora buzwi nka “local operations”. Binyuze mu gushyiraho amashami yo mu gace, gushaka abakozi bo mu gace, no gushyiraho uruhererekane rw’ibikoresho byo mu gace, imikorere myiza n’ubushobozi bwo guhangana ku isoko by’ibigo bishobora kunozwa.

IX. Umwanzuro
Ukwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'isi ni kimwe mu bintu bigenda bitera imbere mu bukungu bw'isi. Iyi nzira y'iterambere itanga amahirwe menshi ku masoko ku bigo mpuzamahanga, ariko kandi izana amarushanwa n'ibibazo. Ibigo bigomba gusobanukirwa byimbitse ibikenewe ku isoko, gushimangira imicungire y'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa, kwibanda ku bwiza bw'ibicuruzwa n'udushya, gushimangira kubaka ikirango no kwamamaza, no gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukorera mu gihugu kugira ngo bifashishe amahirwe yo ku isoko no kugera ku iterambere rirambye. Mu iterambere ritaha, kwiyongera kw'ibikenewe mu masoko mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere bizakomeza guteza imbere ubukungu bw'isi no gushyira imbaraga nshya mu bucuruzi bw'isi.