Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo

Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo: iindlela, amathuba kunye nemingeni

I. Intshayelelo
Njengoko imeko-bume yoqoqosho lwehlabathi iqhubeka nokuguquka, amazwe asakhulayo atsala ingqalelo yehlabathi ngamandla awo okukhula koqoqosho. La mazwe abe ngamandla amatsha okuqhuba ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngezibonelelo zawo ezikhethekileyo, izabelo zabantu kunye neemeko zomgaqo-nkqubo eziphuculiweyo rhoqo. Njengenjini ebalulekileyo yokukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwamazwe asakhulayo akuphelelanga nje ekufakeni amandla amatsha kurhwebo lwehlabathi, kodwa kukwabonelele ngendawo ebanzi yophuhliso lwamashishini kumazwe ahlukeneyo.

II. Iindlela zokukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo

(I) Intsingiselo iyonke
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe asakhasayo ibonakalise umkhwa wokukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuthatha umzekelo eAfrika, ngokwengxelo ye-International Monetary Fund (IMF), kulindeleke ukuba ngo-2025, i-Afrika esemazantsi eSahara ifikelele kwinqanaba lokukhula koqoqosho le-4.2%, kwaye uMntla Afrika nawo uya kufikelela kwi-3.9%, zombini ziphezulu kunomyinge wehlabathi we-3.2%. Ukukhula koqoqosho kuzise ukwanda kwengeniso yabemi kunye nokwanda kwamandla okusebenzisa, ngaloo ndlela kukhuthaza imfuno yeempahla kunye neenkonzo ezahlukeneyo.

(II) Umahluko wengingqi
Kukho umahluko othile wengingqi ekukhuleni kwemfuno yokuthengwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo asakhasayo. Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa eLatin America kugxile kakhulu kwiinkalo zokuvelisa nophuhliso lwezixhobo; ngelixa imfuno yokuthengwa kwimarike yaseAfrika inkulu ngakumbi, ibandakanya ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso, iimpahla zabathengi, izixhobo zezolimo kunye nezinye iinkalo.

(III) Iindidi zemveliso
Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kugubungela iindidi ezininzi zeemveliso. Ukuthengwa kwemfuno kwicandelo lezixhobo zokwakha, oomatshini bobunjineli, iimveliso ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zezolimo nezokulungisa ukutya, ezonyango nezamayeza, iimpahla zabathengi kunye namalaphu kubonise ukukhula okuhlukeneyo.

III. Izinto ezichaphazela ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo

(I) Ukukhula koqoqosho
Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kungenxa yokukhula koqoqosho. Ubutyebi bendalo obutyebileyo, ukwanda kwemfuno yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokwahlukana koqoqosho okukhuthazwa ngurhulumente kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yophuhliso oluzinzileyo yala mazwe inike isiseko esiqinileyo sokukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga.

(II) Inzuzo yedemografi
Amazwe asakhasayo adla ngokuba nenani elikhulu labemi kunye nesakhiwo sabantu abatsha. Umzekelo, ubudala bayo obuqhelekileyo buphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ebonelela ngabasebenzi abaneleyo kunye nemarike ebanzi yabathengi yophuhliso loqoqosho.

(III) Inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo
Imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga. Oorhulumente abaninzi bamazwe asakhasayo baye batsala utyalo-mali lwangaphandle kunye namashishini ukuba angene kwimarike ngokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo ekhethekileyo kunye nokuphucula imeko-bume yeshishini, ngaloo ndlela beqhuba ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga.

(IV) Ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso
Amazwe asakhasayo ngokubanzi akwinqanaba lokwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso, kwaye anesidingo esikhulu seemveliso ezifana nezixhobo zokwakha kunye noomatshini bokwakha. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuphuculwa kweziseko zophuhliso kukwanike inkxaso ekukhuleni kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwezinye iindawo.

(V) Utshintsho lwedijithali
Utshintsho lwedijithali luye lwathandwa kancinci kancinci kumazwe asakhasayo, nto leyo enika amandla amatsha okukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga. Umzekelo, ukuthandwa ngokubanzi kweentlawulo zeselula eAfrika nakwezinye iindawo akukhange kukhuthaze kuphela ukubandakanywa kwezemali, kodwa kukwabeke isiseko sophuhliso olunamandla lwe-e-commerce.

IV. Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemfuno kumazwe ahlukeneyo nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo

(I) iAfrika
INigeria: Njengelizwe elikhulu e-Afrika, inemithombo yeoyile eninzi kwaye ifuna kakhulu izixhobo zokwakha, iimveliso ze-elektroniki (ezifana neejenereyitha, iinxalenye zeemoto, njl.njl.) kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa ukutya.
UMzantsi Afrika: Elinye lamazwe aphuhlileyo kwezoshishino, linemfuno enkulu yezixhobo zeemoto, izixhobo zoomatshini kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
IKenya: Njengenjini yezoqoqosho eMpuma Afrika, ifuna kakhulu oomatshini bezolimo, iimveliso zelanga kunye namalaphu.
IJiphutha: Elinye leemarike ezinkulu eMntla Afrika, apho kukho imfuno enkulu yezinto zokwakha, izixhobo zasekhaya kunye neemveliso zeekhemikhali.
IGhana: Elinye lamazwe anoqoqosho oluzinzileyo eNtshona Afrika, apho kukho imfuneko enkulu yezixhobo zemigodi, oomatshini bokulungisa ukutya kunye neemveliso ze-elektroniki.

(II) iLatin America
IBrazil: Njengenye yamazwe akwi-BRICS, iBrazil inokhuphiswano olukhulu kwezolimo, ezemigodi kunye nemveliso. Iimfuno zayo zokuthenga zigxile kakhulu koomatshini kunye nezixhobo, iimveliso ze-elektroniki, iinxalenye zeemoto kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
IMexico: Njengeqabane elibalulekileyo lokurhweba eMelika, ishishini leemoto laseMexico kunye neshishini lokuvelisa likhula ngokukhawuleza. Iimfuno zalo zokuthenga zigxile kakhulu kwiindawo zeemoto, iimveliso ze-elektroniki, oomatshini kunye nezixhobo, kunye neemveliso zeplastiki.

(III) iAsia
I-Indiya: I-India lelona lizwe likhulu kuqoqosho eMzantsi Asia, linesabelo esikhulu sabantu kunye namathuba emarike akhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokuphathelele ukwakhiwa kweziseko zophuhliso kunye nemarike yeempahla zabathengi, i-India inemfuno enkulu yoomatshini bokwakha, iimveliso ze-elektroniki, iinxalenye zeemoto kunye neemveliso zeekhemikhali.

(IV) eMzantsi-mpuma Asia
IVietnam: Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iVietnam itsale utyalo-mali olukhulu lwangaphandle ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphantsi zabasebenzi kunye nendawo yayo ephezulu. Imfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla eVietnam ikhule ngokukhawuleza kwicandelo leemveliso ze-elektroniki, amalaphu kunye nefenitshala.

(V) eMpuma Yurophu
IRashiya: Njengoqoqosho olubalulekileyo eMpuma Yurophu, imfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla eRashiya igxile kakhulu kwicandelo lezixhobo zamandla, iinxalenye zeemoto, iimveliso ze-elektroniki kunye nokutya.

(VI) eMbindi Mpuma
ISaudi Arabia: Njengoqoqosho olubalulekileyo kuMbindi Mpuma, iSaudi Arabia inamandla amakhulu kushishino lweoyile kunye nolwakhiwo lweziseko. Kukho imfuno ephezulu yokuthengwa kwezixhobo zamandla, izixhobo zokwakha, iinxalenye zeemoto kunye nezixhobo zokulungisa ukutya.

V. Iindawo apho imfuno yeendidi zeempahla ikhula ngokukhawuleza

(I) Itekhnoloji entsha yamandla kunye nokukhusela okusingqongileyo
Njengoko ihlabathi linika ingqalelo ngakumbi kukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo, imfuno yokuthengwa kwamandla amatsha kunye neemveliso ezinxulumene nobuchwepheshe bokukhusela okusingqongileyo kumazwe asakhasayo inyuke kakhulu. Umzekelo, imfuno yemarike yezixhobo zelanga, izixhobo zokuvelisa umbane ngomoya, izixhobo zonyango lwamanzi, njl.njl. eAfrika nakwezinye iindawo iqhubekile nokunyuka.

(II) Iimveliso kunye neenkonzo zedijithali
Utshintsho lwedijithali luqhubele phambili ukukhula kwemfuno yeemveliso kunye neenkonzo zedijithali kumazwe asakhasayo. Ukuthandwa kweemveliso kunye neenkonzo ezifana neefowuni eziphathwayo, iilaptops, kunye neenkonzo zekhompyutha yelifu kwezi ndawo kuqhubekile nokukhula.

(III) Izixhobo zonyango kunye namayeza
Njengoko inqanaba lezonyango lamazwe asakhasayo liphucuka kwaye ulwazi ngempilo lwabemi lusanda, imfuno yezixhobo zonyango kunye namayeza ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Imfuno yemarike yeemveliso kunye neenkonzo ezinxulumene nezonyango, kubandakanya izixhobo zokuxilonga, izixhobo zamayeza, kunye namayeza, iyanda kwezi ndawo.

VI. Impembelelo yokukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwihlabathi liphela

(I) Ukwahlukahlukana kwezixhobo zokubonelela
Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe asakhasayo kukhokelele ekubeni kubekho uthungelwano lokubonelela ngempahla oluhlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela. Iinkampani kufuneka zifumane ababoneleli kunye namaqabane amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zeemarike ezahlukeneyo.

(II) Ulawulo lomngcipheko we-Supply chain
Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe asakhasayo kukwazise nemingcipheko emitsha kwikhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla kwihlabathi liphela. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, ukuguquguquka kwezoqoqosho, iintlekele zemvelo kunye nezinye izinto zinokuchaphazela uzinzo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla. Iinkampani kufuneka ziqinise ulawulo lomngcipheko wekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla kwaye zenze amanyathelo okulwa nokunciphisa imingcipheko.

(III) Utshintsho lwedijithali lwekhonkco lobonelelo
Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane ngcono neemfuno zokuthengwa kwamazwe asakhasayo, iinkampani kufuneka zikhawulezise utshintsho lwedijithali lwekhonkco lokubonelela. Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-big data, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye ne-Intanethi yezinto, iinkampani zinokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokungafihlisi kwekhonkco lokubonelela kwaye ziphendule ngcono kutshintsho lwemarike.

VII. Amathuba kunye nemingeni kushishino

(I) Amathuba
Amandla emarike makhulu: ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe asakhasayo kubonelela ngendawo ebanzi yemarike kwiinkampani zehlabathi.
Ukukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso: Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuthenga zamazwe asakhasayo, amashishini kufuneka aqhubeke nokwenza izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kunye nokuphucula imveliso ukukhuthaza ukuphuculwa kwemizi-mveliso.
Ukuqinisa intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe: Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kukhuthaze intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe kwihlabathi liphela. Amashishini anokufikelela ekwabelaneni ngezixhobo kunye neenzuzo ezihambelanayo ngentsebenziswano.
(II) Imingeni
Ukhuphiswano olukhulu lwemarike: Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kutsale ingqalelo yamashishini amaninzi, kwaye ukhuphiswano lwemarike luye lwanda.
Umahluko wenkcubeko kunye neendlela zoshishino: Umahluko wenkcubeko kunye neendlela zoshishino kumazwe ahlukeneyo asakhasayo anokubangela imiqobo ethile kumashishini angena kwimarike.
Iingozi zomthetho nezemigaqo-nkqubo: Imigaqo nemigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe asakhasayo isenokuba ayigqibelelanga okanye ayizinzanga. Amashishini kufuneka anikele ingqalelo engakumbi kutshintsho lwemigaqo-nkqubo ukuze kuncitshiswe iingozi.
VIII. Amaqhinga okuphendula
(I) Ukuqonda okunzulu ngemfuno yemarike
Amashishini kufuneka abe nokuqonda okunzulu ngemfuno yemarike kunye neempawu zamazwe asakhasayo kwaye enze amaqhinga emarike ekujoliswe kuwo. Fumana ulwazi lwemarike kwaye uqonde iimfuno zabathengi ngophando lwemarike kunye nentsebenziswano namaqabane asekuhlaleni.
(II) Ukuqinisa ulawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo
Amashishini kufuneka aqinise ulawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwaye aphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo. Ngokuphucula inkqubo yokuthenga, ukuseka ubudlelwane obuhle nabathengisi, kunye nokuqinisa ulawulo lwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo, iindleko zekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo zinokuncitshiswa kwaye isantya sokuphendula kwekhonkco lokubonelela ngeenkonzo sinokuphuculwa.

(III) Ukugxila kumgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha
Kumazwe asakhasayo, abathengi banemfuno ephezulu nephezulu yomgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha. Amashishini kufuneka agxile kumgangatho wemveliso, aphucule rhoqo inqanaba lobugcisa kunye nokusebenza kweemveliso, kwaye ahlangabezane neemfuno zabathengi.

(IV) Ukuqinisa ukwakhiwa kwebrendi kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa
Ukwakha uphawu kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthengisa zizinto ezibalulekileyo kumashishini ukuze angene kwiimarike ezisakhasayo. Ngokuqinisa ukwazisa uphawu, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimiboniso yamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokwenza ukuthengisa kwi-intanethi, ulwazi ngophawu lunokuphuculwa kwaye impembelelo yophawu inokuphuculwa.

(V) Misela imodeli yokusebenza yendawo
Ukuze zilungelelane ngcono nemeko-bume yezoshishino yamazwe asakhasayo, amashishini kufuneka aseke imodeli yokusebenza yasekuhlaleni. Ngokuseka amasebe asekuhlaleni, ukuqesha abasebenzi basekuhlaleni, kunye nokuseka uthungelwano lokubonelela lwasekuhlaleni, ukusebenza kakuhle kokusebenza kunye nokukhuphisana kwemarike kwamashishini kunokuphuculwa.

IX. Isiphelo
Ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe asakhasayo yenye yeendlela ezisetyenziswa kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi. Le ndlela yokukhula inika amathuba amakhulu emarike kwiinkampani zehlabathi, kodwa ikwazisa ukhuphiswano kunye nemingcipheko. Amashishini kufuneka abe nokuqonda okunzulu ngemfuno yemarike, aqinise ulawulo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngempahla, agxile kumgangatho wemveliso kunye nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, aqinise ukwakhiwa kwebhrendi kunye nokukhuthazwa kokuthengisa, kwaye amisele imodeli yokusebenza yasekhaya ukuze abambe amathuba emarike kwaye afezekise uphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Kuphuhliso oluzayo, ukukhula kwemfuno yokuthenga kumazwe asakhasayo kuya kuqhubeka nokuqhuba uphuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi kwaye kufake amandla amatsha kurhwebo lwehlabathi.